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- 0:00 Global Potential of Desert Solar: The United Arab Emirates is building the world's largest solar power plant (90 sq km, 5.2 GW output, 19 GWh storage, €6 billion cost, operational by 2027), demonstrating the high energy yield potential of desert regions. Hypothetically, covering the entire Sahara with PV could meet global electricity demand four times over.
- 0:40 Why Deserts are Ideal: Deserts are optimal for solar energy due to consistently high solar radiation, low humidity, and minimal cloud cover, largely a result of natural phenomena like rain shadows. While deserts naturally reflect 30-50% of solar radiation (high albedo), PV panels absorb more, making them highly efficient energy generators.
- 2:23 Advantages Beyond Energy: Beyond high energy yield, deserts offer vast, flat, and largely unused land, making them suitable for large-scale solar farms without competing with agricultural or residential needs.
- 3:29 UAE's Strategic Motivations: While officially aimed at CO2 emission reduction, the UAE's massive solar project may also implicitly address the country's severe water scarcity, as its CEO linked drought to environmental concerns. The UAE already relies heavily on expensive desalination and cloud seeding.
- 5:03 Solar Parks and Geoengineering: A 2024 German study, funded by the UAE, explored whether city-sized PV parks could influence local weather. The theory suggests darker PV panels absorb more heat, creating updrafts that could mix with moist sea breezes from the Persian Gulf, potentially forming rain clouds and increasing precipitation.
- 6:48 Limited Local Weather Impact (Current Scale): The study found that while larger solar parks (e.g., 400 sq km) could have a noticeable impact, the UAE's 90 sq km project (closest to the study's 100 sq km scenario) would only result in a negligible increase in rainfall (estimated 0.0048 mm annually over the country's area).
- 7:29 Dramatic Global Climate Consequences of XXL Scale: Research indicates that covering a substantial portion (e.g., 20%) of the Sahara with PV could have dramatic global climatic consequences. This includes warming the Sahara's surface by up to 1.28°C, leading to a 50% increase in localized rainfall, fostering vegetation growth, and creating a positive feedback loop.
- 8:40 Worldwide Weather Anomalies: Such massive installations could trigger global weather anomalies similar to El Niño, reducing PV potential in Central Europe (by 4% annually) and Africa (by over 8%), though potentially benefiting Scandinavia slightly.
- 9:27 Complexities and Other Challenges: The climate system is incredibly complex, making exact long-term predictions difficult, and more research is needed. Beyond climate impacts, challenges for large-scale desert solar include a lack of infrastructure, the need for water for cooling, electricity transport losses, impacts on sensitive ecosystems, and sand contamination of modules. The video concludes that current projects are not yet at the "gigantic" scale that would cause these dramatic effects, and further investigation into these challenges is crucial.
- 0:02 Definition of Deltas: Deltas are the interface between river and coastal settings, formed as bulges where a river enters a larger water body (ocean or lake). They are characterized by a mixture of fluvial (river), wave, and tidal processes.
- 0:27 Delta Components: A Delta consists of sub-aerial (above water) parts, known as the "Delta plane," and submarine (below water) parts, including the "Delta front" and the "pro-Delta."
- 0:52 Identifying Delta Deposits: The primary way to identify Delta deposits is by observing a mixture of fluvial sedimentary indicators (e.g., ripples, dunes) alongside wave or tidal indicators (e.g., wave ripples, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS), flaser bedding, inclined heterolithic stratification).
- 1:14 Distributary Mouth Bars: In Deltas, the river typically branches into multiple "distributary channels," and sand is deposited as a bar at the mouth of each channel, forming "distributary mouth bars." These bars are characterized by the rapid deposition of large amounts of sediment because river water rapidly decelerates upon hitting the standing ocean or lake water.
- 1:55 Climbing Ripples: Rapid deposition within mouth bars often results in the presence of climbing ripples, which can be a key indicator distinguishing a Delta environment from other shallow environments. Reactivation surfaces from high-energy flood events may also be found.
- 2:24 Delta Slopes (Clinoforms): Deltas generally have steeper slopes than typical shallow marine environments, exhibiting a large-scale S-shaped bed geometry called a "clinoform" (flatter top sets, steeper foresets, and a fairly flat bottom set). In reality, these clinoforms dip at just a couple of degrees.
- 3:04 Soft Sediment Deformation: Due to potentially steeper slopes and high sedimentation rates (leading to rapidly accumulating, uncompacted, water-rich sediment), deeper parts of Deltas (like the Delta front or pro-Delta) can contain convolute bedding or large slumps. The presence of such soft sediment deformation is a strong marker for a Delta.
- 3:37 River Water Plumes: River water pushes offshore in plumes, categorized by density:
- 3:50 Hypopycnal Plumes: These are less dense than seawater (typical for normal river flow with low sediment load) and spread out along the water surface, gradually depositing hemipelagic sediment from suspension.
- 4:20 Hyperpycnal Plumes: These are denser than seawater (occurring during river floods with huge sediment loads) and flow as turbulent sediment gravity flows (turbidity currents) down the slope, depositing thin, normally graded beds, similar to turbidites.
- 5:15 Current Ripples in Marine Settings: Hyperpycnal flows can create unidirectional current ripples in marine Delta front environments, which are otherwise uncommon in shallow marine settings, providing another indicator of Delta influence.
- 5:38 Broad Delta Clues: Key clues for a broader Delta type setting include unidirectional ripples (potentially climbing ripples) in a marine environment and the presence of soft sediment deformation.
- 5:51 Pro-Delta Environment: This is the deepest part of the Delta, below the influence of waves or tides. It's characterized by very fine-grained facies, often resembling regular offshore deposits. Clues for its Deltaic nature include graded deposits from hyperpycnal plumes and soft sediment deformation. Pro-Delta facies always prograde, being overlain by Delta front sediments.
- 6:40 Delta Front Environment: This is a more proximal and coarser-grained environment than the pro-Delta, resulting in typical coarsening-upward successions in Deltas. Being above wave base, it may show wave or tidal influence (e.g., wave ripples, HCS, bidirectional crossbeds), in addition to hyperpycnal plume deposits and potential soft sediment deformation.
- 7:22 Delta Plane Environment: This is the mostly sub-aerial part of the Delta, comprising coarse-grained river distributary channels (which may resemble fluvial deposits) and interdistributary bays. Interdistributary bays have variable and often cyclical sediments, potentially leading to coal deposits. While Deltas are typically coarsening-upward, the Delta plane, specifically interdistributary bay environments, can be finer-grained than the Delta front.
- 9:12 Wave-Influenced Deltas: In Deltas strongly influenced by waves, the distributary mouth bars are heavily reworked into shore-parallel linear sand ridges that resemble beach or shoreface deposits. Context from the underlying Delta succession is crucial for identification.
- 10:03 Tide-Dominated Deltas: In tide-dominated Deltas, mouth bars are reworked into shore-perpendicular elongated sand bodies. The Delta plane may resemble tidal flats or estuaries, featuring bidirectional crossbeds or flaser bedding. Again, the overall facies succession helps in distinguishing these.
- 10:39 Inherent Delta Cyclicity (Avulsion): Deltas possess strong inherent cyclicity, regardless of base-level changes. This is due to "avulsion," where the river channel switches its location, causing an active Delta lobe to prograde and accumulate sediment, while the abandoned lobe subsides. This natural lobe switching creates cyclical deposits, requiring caution in interpreting them as allocyclic base-level cycles. Error: value error
- 0:00 Introduction to LMEMs: Linear Mixed Effects Models extend linear regression to handle data from complicated sampling designs or data structures where observations are nested or grouped, leading to non-independence.
- 0:40 Addressing Non-Homogeneity: Traditional linear models assume data comes from a homogeneous group; LMEMs are designed for situations where data is structured into subgroups, and variation might exist both within and between these groups.
- 1:12 Fixed vs. Random Effects:
- Fixed Effects: Categories are specifically chosen, exhaustive, or of direct interest (e.g., specific treatment types).
- Random Effects: Categories are a sample from a larger population, primarily used to control for non-independence or when variability across groups, rather than specific group differences, is the focus (e.g., individual subjects, different labs).
- 2:43 Decision Criteria: The choice between fixed and random effects depends on the research question and the experimental design; there's no single objective rule.
- 4:22 How LMEMs Work (REML): LMEMs, particularly in R's
lme4
package, use Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) estimation. They assume that both residuals and the random effects (intercepts and/or slopes) are normally distributed. - 5:10 Modeling Random Effects Structures:
- Varying Intercepts: Each group has its own intercept, but all share the same slope (
(1|group)
). - Varying Slopes: Each group has its own slope, but all share the same intercept (
(0+variable|group)
). - Varying Intercepts and Slopes: Each group has its own intercept and slope. These can be modeled as correlated (most common,
(variable|group)
) or uncorrelated.
- Varying Intercepts: Each group has its own intercept, but all share the same slope (
- 6:38 Complex Designs: Nested & Crossed Effects:
- Nested Random Effects: One random effect's levels only occur within specific levels of another (e.g., students within classrooms:
(1|classroom/student)
). - Crossed Random Effects: Levels of different random effects appear together (e.g., subjects responding to different stimuli:
(1|subject) + (1|stimulus)
).
- Nested Random Effects: One random effect's levels only occur within specific levels of another (e.g., students within classrooms:
- 8:16 Critical Model Validation: It is essential to check if the model adequately describes the data. This involves:
- Plotting residuals versus fitted values (should show no pattern, centered at zero).
- Plotting residuals for each random effect group.
- Checking the normality of residuals and the distributions of random effect intercepts and slopes.
- 10:18 Important Considerations and Cautions:
- Number of Levels: Random effects generally require many levels (ideally 5-6 or more) for accurate estimation; otherwise, they might be better treated as fixed effects.
- Collinearity: Highly correlated independent variables can complicate interpretation and model fit.
- Model Specification: Correctly defining the random effect structure (varying intercepts/slopes, nesting/crossing) is crucial.
- Convergence Issues: Warning messages about convergence or "boundary fit" indicate potential model issues that require investigation (e.g., simplifying the random structure, centering variables).
- 12:43 Benefits of Centering and Standardizing: Subtracting the mean (centering) and dividing by the standard deviation (standardizing) of independent variables can help model convergence and improve the interpretability and comparability of coefficients.
- 14:21 Interpreting LMEM Results: Output includes variance components (variance explained by random effects and residuals) and fixed effect coefficients. Notably,
lme4
typically does not provide p-values for fixed effects directly; confidence intervals are used instead to assess effect size and precision. - 16:11 Core Advantages: LMEMs are powerful for handling non-independence in data and for improving prediction.
- 17:02 Partial Pooling (Shrinkage): A key advantage is "partial pooling," where information from the overall population helps inform estimates for individual groups, especially those with small sample sizes, leading to more robust and less extreme group-specific estimates.
- 18:08 Conclusion: While powerful, LMEMs are complex and require a deep understanding of the data, study design, and underlying assumptions for correct application and interpretation.
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host: 193.8.40.126
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1zVPYrwPS8include_comments: None
include_timestamps: 1
include_glossary: None
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*Abstract:* This video explores the vast potential and significant challenges associated with building large-scale solar power plants in desert environments. It highlights the United Arab Emirates' construction of the world's largest solar farm (90 sq km, 5.2 GW), leveraging deserts' high solar radiation and abundant unused land. The discussion delves into the localized climatic impacts, including the potential for increased rainfall, referencing a UAE-funded study that explored this geoengineering aspect, although concluding its current effects are negligible. Crucially, the video warns of potentially dramatic and negative global climate disruptions—such as localized warming, altered precipitation, and worldwide weather anomalies akin to El Niño—if solar installations were to cover a substantial portion of deserts like the Sahara. It concludes by emphasizing the complexity of climate systems and the need for further research, alongside other practical challenges like infrastructure, water for cooling, and sand contamination, for these "XXL" scale projects. *Summarizing Desert Solar: Potential, Problems, and Climate Impacts* * *0:00 Global Potential of Desert Solar:* The United Arab Emirates is building the world's largest solar power plant (90 sq km, 5.2 GW output, 19 GWh storage, €6 billion cost, operational by 2027), demonstrating the high energy yield potential of desert regions. Hypothetically, covering the entire Sahara with PV could meet global electricity demand four times over. * *0:40 Why Deserts are Ideal:* Deserts are optimal for solar energy due to consistently high solar radiation, low humidity, and minimal cloud cover, largely a result of natural phenomena like rain shadows. While deserts naturally reflect 30-50% of solar radiation (high albedo), PV panels absorb more, making them highly efficient energy generators. * *2:23 Advantages Beyond Energy:* Beyond high energy yield, deserts offer vast, flat, and largely unused land, making them suitable for large-scale solar farms without competing with agricultural or residential needs. * *3:29 UAE's Strategic Motivations:* While officially aimed at CO2 emission reduction, the UAE's massive solar project may also implicitly address the country's severe water scarcity, as its CEO linked drought to environmental concerns. The UAE already relies heavily on expensive desalination and cloud seeding. * *5:03 Solar Parks and Geoengineering:* A 2024 German study, funded by the UAE, explored whether city-sized PV parks could influence local weather. The theory suggests darker PV panels absorb more heat, creating updrafts that could mix with moist sea breezes from the Persian Gulf, potentially forming rain clouds and increasing precipitation. * *6:48 Limited Local Weather Impact (Current Scale):* The study found that while larger solar parks (e.g., 400 sq km) could have a noticeable impact, the UAE's 90 sq km project (closest to the study's 100 sq km scenario) would only result in a negligible increase in rainfall (estimated 0.0048 mm annually over the country's area). * *7:29 Dramatic Global Climate Consequences of XXL Scale:* Research indicates that covering a substantial portion (e.g., 20%) of the Sahara with PV could have dramatic global climatic consequences. This includes warming the Sahara's surface by up to 1.28°C, leading to a 50% increase in localized rainfall, fostering vegetation growth, and creating a positive feedback loop. * *8:40 Worldwide Weather Anomalies:* Such massive installations could trigger global weather anomalies similar to El Niño, reducing PV potential in Central Europe (by 4% annually) and Africa (by over 8%), though potentially benefiting Scandinavia slightly. * *9:27 Complexities and Other Challenges:* The climate system is incredibly complex, making exact long-term predictions difficult, and more research is needed. Beyond climate impacts, challenges for large-scale desert solar include a lack of infrastructure, the need for water for cooling, electricity transport losses, impacts on sensitive ecosystems, and sand contamination of modules. The video concludes that current projects are not yet at the "gigantic" scale that would cause these dramatic effects, and further investigation into these challenges is crucial. I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript. Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0056 Input tokens: 16568 Output tokens: 892
Abstract:
This video explores the vast potential and significant challenges associated with building large-scale solar power plants in desert environments. It highlights the United Arab Emirates' construction of the world's largest solar farm (90 sq km, 5.2 GW), leveraging deserts' high solar radiation and abundant unused land. The discussion delves into the localized climatic impacts, including the potential for increased rainfall, referencing a UAE-funded study that explored this geoengineering aspect, although concluding its current effects are negligible. Crucially, the video warns of potentially dramatic and negative global climate disruptions—such as localized warming, altered precipitation, and worldwide weather anomalies akin to El Niño—if solar installations were to cover a substantial portion of deserts like the Sahara. It concludes by emphasizing the complexity of climate systems and the need for further research, alongside other practical challenges like infrastructure, water for cooling, and sand contamination, for these "XXL" scale projects.
Summarizing Desert Solar: Potential, Problems, and Climate Impacts
Below, I will provide input for an example video (comprising of title, description, and transcript, in this order) and the corresponding abstract and summary I expect. Afterward, I will provide a new transcript that I want you to summarize in the same format. **Please give an abstract of the transcript and then summarize the transcript in a self-contained bullet list format.** Include starting timestamps, important details and key takeaways. Example Input: Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Subscribed 369 Share Download Clip Save 5,857 views Aug 26, 2024 Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g... Ebay listings: https://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/mikeselect... Merch https://mikeselectricstuff.creator-sp... Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Videos About Support on Patreon 40 Comments @robertwatsonbath 6 hours ago Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to. 1 Reply @Muonium1 9 hours ago The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths. 4 Reply 1 reply @tafsirnahian669 10 hours ago (edited) Can this be used as an astrophotography camera? Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 6 hours ago Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout Reply @2010craggy 11 hours ago Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel. 1 Reply @vitukz 12 hours ago A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it 2 Reply @RobertGallop 19 hours ago That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps! Reply @Prophes0r 19 hours ago I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source. Very clever. 6 Reply @OneBiOzZ 20 hours ago given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it 9 Reply @tekvax01 21 hours ago $20 thousand dollars per minute of run time! 1 Reply @tekvax01 22 hours ago "We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park. *(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!) Reply @florianf4257 22 hours ago The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun). 12 Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 12 hours ago I didn't think of that, but makes sense 2 Reply @douro20 22 hours ago (edited) The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam. 1 Reply @RicoElectrico 23 hours ago PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet. Reply @dcallan812 23 hours ago Very interesting. 2x Reply @littleboot_ 1 day ago Cool interesting device Reply @dav1dbone 1 day ago I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy? Reply @kevywevvy8833 1 day ago ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights. 1 Reply 1 reply @bill6255 1 day ago Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho 3 Reply @JAKOB1977 1 day ago (edited) The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums. Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels) Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V) Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V) 61.3 mm (Diagonal), 645 1.1x Optical Format Aspect Ratio 4:3 Horizontal Outputs 4 Saturation Signal 40.3 ke− Output Sensitivity 31 V/e− Quantum Efficiency KAF−50100−CAA KAF−50100−AAA KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens) 22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B) 25% 62% Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e− Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2 Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB Estimated Linear Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 69.3 dB Charge Transfer Efficiency Horizontal Vertical 0.999995 0.999999 Blooming Protection (4 ms Exposure Time) 800X Saturation Exposure Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz Package Ceramic PGA Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or Clear Glass Features • TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode for High Sensitivity • Ultra-High Resolution • Board Dynamic Range • Low Noise Architecture • Large Active Imaging Area Applications • Digitization • Mapping/Aerial • Photography • Scientific Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy Reply @martinalooksatthings 1 day ago 15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh 8 Reply @RhythmGamer 1 day ago Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix 1 Reply @dine9093 1 day ago (edited) Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there? 2 Reply @NickNorton 1 day ago Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting. 5 Reply @KeritechElectronics 1 day ago Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty! 1 Reply @YSoreil 1 day ago The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild. 2 Reply @snik2pl 1 day ago That leds look like from led projector Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago TDI = Time Domain Integration ? 1 Reply @wolpumba4099 1 day ago (edited) Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout. From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle i guess it would be good for astrophotography 4 Reply @txm100 1 day ago (edited) Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped! 9 Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper. 1 Reply @MRooodddvvv 1 day ago yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff ! 4 Reply 1 reply @NoPegs 1 day ago He lives! 11 Reply 1 reply Transcript 0:00 so I've stripped all the bits of the 0:01 optical system so basically we've got 0:03 the uh the camera 0:05 itself which is mounted on this uh very 0:09 complex 0:10 adjustment thing which obviously to set 0:13 you the various tilt and uh alignment 0:15 stuff then there's two of these massive 0:18 lenses I've taken one of these apart I 0:20 think there's something like about eight 0:22 or nine Optical elements in here these 0:25 don't seem to do a great deal in terms 0:26 of electr magnification they're obiously 0:28 just about getting the image to where it 0:29 uh where it needs to be just so that 0:33 goes like that then this Optical block I 0:36 originally thought this was made of some 0:37 s crazy heavy material but it's just 0:39 really the sum of all these Optical bits 0:41 are just ridiculously heavy those lenses 0:43 are about 4 kilos each and then there's 0:45 this very heavy very solid um piece that 0:47 goes in the middle and this is so this 0:49 is the filter wheel assembly with a 0:51 hilariously oversized steper 0:53 motor driving this wheel with these very 0:57 large narrow band filters so we've got 1:00 various different shades of uh 1:03 filters there five Al together that 1:06 one's actually just showing up a silver 1:07 that's actually a a red but fairly low 1:10 transmission orangey red blue green 1:15 there's an excess cover on this side so 1:16 the filters can be accessed and changed 1:19 without taking anything else apart even 1:21 this is like ridiculous it's like solid 1:23 aluminium this is just basically a cover 1:25 the actual wavelengths of these are um 1:27 488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what 1:32 the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh 1:34 the width of the spectral line say these 1:37 are very narrow band filters most of 1:39 them are you very little light through 1:41 so it's still very tight narrow band to 1:43 match the um fluoresence of the dies 1:45 they're using in the biochemical process 1:48 and obviously to reject the light that's 1:49 being fired at it from that Illuminator 1:51 box and then there's a there's a second 1:53 one of these lenses then the actual sort 1:55 of samples below that so uh very serious 1:58 amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics 2:01 okay let's take a look at this light 2:02 source made by company Lumen Dynamics 2:04 who are now part of 2:06 excelitas self-contained unit power 2:08 connector USB and this which one of the 2:11 Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface 2:14 USB wasn't used in uh the fluid 2:17 application output here and I think this 2:19 is an input for um light feedback I 2:21 don't if it's regulated or just a measur 2:23 measurement facility and the uh fiber 2:27 assembly 2:29 Square Inlet there and then there's two 2:32 outputs which have uh lens assemblies 2:35 and this small one which goes back into 2:37 that small Port just Loops out of here 2:40 straight back in So on this side we've 2:42 got the electronics which look pretty 2:44 straightforward we've got a bit of power 2:45 supply stuff over here and we've got 2:48 separate drivers for each wavelength now 2:50 interesting this is clearly been very 2:52 specifically made for this application 2:54 you I was half expecting like say some 2:56 generic drivers that could be used for a 2:58 number of different things but actually 3:00 literally specified the exact wavelength 3:02 on the PCB there is provision here for 3:04 385 NM which isn't populated but this is 3:07 clearly been designed very specifically 3:09 so these four drivers look the same but 3:10 then there's two higher power ones for 3:12 575 and 3:14 520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this 3:16 575 section there a p 24 which is 3:20 providing USB interface USB isolator the 3:23 USB interface just presents as a comport 3:26 I did have a quick look but I didn't 3:27 actually get anything sensible um I did 3:29 dump the Pi code out and there's a few 3:31 you a few sort of commands that you 3:32 could see in text but I didn't actually 3:34 manage to get it working properly I 3:36 found some software for related version 3:38 but it didn't seem to want to talk to it 3:39 but um I say that wasn't used for the 3:41 original application it might be quite 3:42 interesting to get try and get the Run 3:44 hours count out of it and the TTL 3:46 interface looks fairly straightforward 3:48 we've got positions for six opto 3:50 isolators but only five five are 3:52 installed so that corresponds with the 3:54 unused thing so I think this hopefully 3:56 should be as simple as just providing a 3:57 ttrl signal for each color to uh enable 4:00 it a big heat sink here which is there I 4:03 think there's like a big S of metal 4:04 plate through the middle of this that 4:05 all the leads are mounted on the other 4:07 side so this is heat sinking it with a 4:09 air flow from a uh just a fan in here 4:13 obviously don't have the air flow 4:14 anywhere near the Optics so conduction 4:17 cool through to this plate that's then 4:18 uh air cooled got some pots which are 4:21 presumably power 4:22 adjustments okay let's take a look at 4:24 the other side which is uh much more 4:27 interesting see we've got some uh very 4:31 uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there 4:35 a bunch of leads so we've got one here 4:37 475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520 4:44 filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to 4:48 see what's white is if we just shine 4:49 some white light through 4:51 here not sure how it is is to see on the 4:54 camera but shining white light we do 4:55 actually get a bit of red a bit of blue 4:57 some yellow here so the obstacle path 5:00 575 it goes sort of here bounces off 5:03 this mirror and goes out the 520 goes 5:07 sort of down here across here and up 5:09 there 630 goes basically straight 5:13 through 5:15 430 goes across there down there along 5:17 there and the 475 goes down here and 5:20 left this is the light sensing thing 5:22 think here there's just a um I think 5:24 there a photo diode or other sensor 5:26 haven't actually taken that off and 5:28 everything's fixed down to this chunk of 5:31 aluminium which acts as the heat 5:32 spreader that then conducts the heat to 5:33 the back side for the heat 5:35 sink and the actual lead packages all 5:38 look fairly similar except for this one 5:41 on the 575 which looks quite a bit more 5:44 substantial big spay 5:46 Terminals and the interface for this 5:48 turned out to be extremely simple it's 5:50 literally a 5V TTL level to enable each 5:54 color doesn't seem to be any tensity 5:56 control but there are some additional 5:58 pins on that connector that weren't used 5:59 in the through time thing so maybe 6:01 there's some extra lines that control 6:02 that I couldn't find any data on this uh 6:05 unit and the um their current product 6:07 range is quite significantly different 6:09 so we've got the uh blue these 6:13 might may well be saturating the camera 6:16 so they might look a bit weird so that's 6:17 the 430 6:18 blue the 575 6:24 yellow uh 6:26 475 light blue 6:29 the uh 520 6:31 green and the uh 630 red now one 6:36 interesting thing I noticed for the 6:39 575 it's actually it's actually using a 6:42 white lead and then filtering it rather 6:44 than using all the other ones are using 6:46 leads which are the fundamental colors 6:47 but uh this is actually doing white and 6:50 it's a combination of this filter and 6:52 the dichroic mirrors that are turning to 6:55 Yellow if we take the filter out and a 6:57 lot of the a lot of the um blue content 7:00 is going this way the red is going 7:02 straight through these two mirrors so 7:05 this is clearly not reflecting much of 7:08 that so we end up with the yellow coming 7:10 out of uh out of there which is a fairly 7:14 light yellow color which you don't 7:16 really see from high intensity leads so 7:19 that's clearly why they've used the 7:20 white to uh do this power consumption of 7:23 the white is pretty high so going up to 7:25 about 2 and 1 half amps on that color 7:27 whereas most of the other colors are 7:28 only drawing half an amp or so at 24 7:30 volts the uh the green is up to about 7:32 1.2 but say this thing is uh much 7:35 brighter and if you actually run all the 7:38 colors at the same time you get a fairly 7:41 reasonable um looking white coming out 7:43 of it and one thing you might just be 7:45 out to notice is there is some sort 7:46 color banding around here that's not 7:49 getting uh everything s completely 7:51 concentric and I think that's where this 7:53 fiber optic thing comes 7:58 in I'll 8:00 get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped 8:04 very sort of uniform color and looking 8:06 at What's um inside here we've basically 8:09 just got this Square Rod so this is 8:12 clearly yeah the lights just bouncing 8:13 off all the all the various sides to um 8:16 get a nice uniform illumination uh this 8:19 back bit looks like it's all potted so 8:21 nothing I really do to get in there I 8:24 think this is fiber so I have come 8:26 across um cables like this which are 8:27 liquid fill but just looking through the 8:30 end of this it's probably a bit hard to 8:31 see it does look like there fiber ends 8:34 going going on there and so there's this 8:36 feedback thing which is just obviously 8:39 compensating for the any light losses 8:41 through here to get an accurate 8:43 representation of uh the light that's 8:45 been launched out of these two 8:47 fibers and you see uh 8:49 these have got this sort of trapezium 8:54 shape light guides again it's like a 8:56 sort of acrylic or glass light guide 9:00 guess projected just to make the right 9:03 rectangular 9:04 shape and look at this Center assembly 9:07 um the light output doesn't uh change 9:10 whether you feed this in or not so it's 9:11 clear not doing any internal Clos Loop 9:14 control obviously there may well be some 9:16 facility for it to do that but it's not 9:17 being used in this 9:19 application and so this output just 9:21 produces a voltage on the uh outle 9:24 connector proportional to the amount of 9:26 light that's present so there's a little 9:28 diffuser in the back there 9:30 and then there's just some kind of uh 9:33 Optical sensor looks like a 9:35 chip looking at the lead it's a very 9:37 small package on the PCB with this lens 9:40 assembly over the top and these look 9:43 like they're actually on a copper 9:44 Metalized PCB for maximum thermal 9:47 performance and yeah it's a very small 9:49 package looks like it's a ceramic 9:51 package and there's a thermister there 9:53 for temperature monitoring this is the 9:56 475 blue one this is the 520 need to 9:59 Green which is uh rather different OB 10:02 it's a much bigger D with lots of bond 10:04 wise but also this looks like it's using 10:05 a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it 10:08 lights up green so this is actually a 10:10 phosphor conversion green lead which 10:12 I've I've come across before they want 10:15 that specific wavelength so they may be 10:17 easier to tune a phosphor than tune the 10:20 um semiconductor material to get the uh 10:23 right right wavelength from the lead 10:24 directly uh red 630 similar size to the 10:28 blue one or does seem to have a uh a 10:31 lens on top of it there is a sort of red 10:33 coloring to 10:35 the die but that doesn't appear to be 10:38 fluorescent as far as I can 10:39 tell and the white one again a little 10:41 bit different sort of much higher 10:43 current 10:46 connectors a makeer name on that 10:48 connector flot light not sure if that's 10:52 the connector or the lead 10:54 itself and obviously with the phosphor 10:56 and I'd imagine that phosphor may well 10:58 be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5 11:01 cenm and actually this white one looks 11:04 like a St fairly standard product I just 11:06 found it in Mouse made by luminous 11:09 devices in fact actually I think all 11:11 these are based on various luminous 11:13 devices modules and they're you take 11:17 looks like they taking the nearest 11:18 wavelength and then just using these 11:19 filters to clean it up to get a precise 11:22 uh spectral line out of it so quite a 11:25 nice neat and um extreme 11:30 bright light source uh sure I've got any 11:33 particular use for it so I think this 11:35 might end up on 11:36 eBay but uh very pretty to look out and 11:40 without the uh risk of burning your eyes 11:43 out like you do with lasers so I thought 11:45 it would be interesting to try and 11:46 figure out the runtime of this things 11:48 like this we usually keep some sort 11:49 record of runtime cuz leads degrade over 11:51 time I couldn't get any software to work 11:52 through the USB face but then had a 11:54 thought probably going to be writing the 11:55 runtime periodically to the e s prom so 11:58 I just just scope up that and noticed it 12:00 was doing right every 5 minutes so I 12:02 just ran it for a while periodically 12:04 reading the E squ I just held the pick 12:05 in in reset and um put clip over to read 12:07 the square prom and found it was writing 12:10 one location per color every 5 minutes 12:12 so if one color was on it would write 12:14 that location every 5 minutes and just 12:16 increment it by one so after doing a few 12:18 tests with different colors of different 12:19 time periods it looked extremely 12:21 straightforward it's like a four bite 12:22 count for each color looking at the 12:24 original data that was in it all the 12:26 colors apart from Green were reading 12:28 zero and the green was reading four 12:30 indicating a total 20 minutes run time 12:32 ever if it was turned on run for a short 12:34 time then turned off that might not have 12:36 been counted but even so indicates this 12:37 thing wasn't used a great deal the whole 12:40 s process of doing a run can be several 12:42 hours but it'll only be doing probably 12:43 the Imaging at the end of that so you 12:46 wouldn't expect to be running for a long 12:47 time but say a single color for 20 12:50 minutes over its whole lifetime does 12:52 seem a little bit on the low side okay 12:55 let's look at the camera un fortunately 12:57 I managed to not record any sound when I 12:58 did this it's also a couple of months 13:00 ago so there's going to be a few details 13:02 that I've forgotten so I'm just going to 13:04 dub this over the original footage so um 13:07 take the lid off see this massive great 13:10 heat sink so this is a pel cool camera 13:12 we've got this blower fan producing a 13:14 fair amount of air flow through 13:16 it the connector here there's the ccds 13:19 mounted on the board on the 13:24 right this unplugs so we've got a bit of 13:27 power supply stuff on here 13:29 USB interface I think that's the Cyprus 13:32 microcontroller High speeded USB 13:34 interface there's a zyink spon fpga some 13:40 RAM and there's a couple of ATD 13:42 converters can't quite read what those 13:45 those are but anal 13:47 devices um little bit of bodgery around 13:51 here extra decoupling obviously they 13:53 have having some noise issues this is 13:55 around the ram chip quite a lot of extra 13:57 capacitors been added there 13:59 uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior 14:01 to the HD converter buffers or Andor 14:05 amplifiers taking the CCD 14:08 signal um bit more power spy stuff here 14:11 this is probably all to do with 14:12 generating the various CCD bias voltages 14:14 they uh need quite a lot of exotic 14:18 voltages next board down is just a 14:20 shield and an interconnect 14:24 boardly shielding the power supply stuff 14:26 from some the more sensitive an log 14:28 stuff 14:31 and this is the bottom board which is 14:32 just all power supply 14:34 stuff as you can see tons of capacitors 14:37 or Transformer in 14:42 there and this is the CCD which is a uh 14:47 very impressive thing this is a kf50 100 14:50 originally by true sense then codec 14:53 there ON 14:54 Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the 14:58 only price I could find was this one 15:00 5,000 bucks and the architecture you can 15:03 see there actually two separate halves 15:04 which explains the Dual AZ converters 15:06 and two amplifiers it's literally split 15:08 down the middle and duplicated so it's 15:10 outputting two streams in parallel just 15:13 to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's 15:15 got this amazing um diffraction effects 15:18 it's got micro lenses over the pixel so 15:20 there's there's a bit more Optics going 15:22 on than on a normal 15:25 sensor few more bodges on the CCD board 15:28 including this wire which isn't really 15:29 tacked down very well which is a bit uh 15:32 bit of a mess quite a few bits around 15:34 this board where they've uh tacked 15:36 various bits on which is not super 15:38 impressive looks like CCD drivers on the 15:40 left with those 3 ohm um damping 15:43 resistors on the 15:47 output get a few more little bodges 15:50 around here some of 15:52 the and there's this separator the 15:54 silica gel to keep the moisture down but 15:56 there's this separator that actually 15:58 appears to be cut from piece of 15:59 antistatic 16:04 bag and this sort of thermal block on 16:06 top of this stack of three pel Cola 16:12 modules so as with any Stacks they get 16:16 um larger as they go back towards the 16:18 heat sink because each P's got to not 16:20 only take the heat from the previous but 16:21 also the waste heat which is quite 16:27 significant you see a little temperature 16:29 sensor here that copper block which 16:32 makes contact with the back of the 16:37 CCD and this's the back of the 16:40 pelas this then contacts the heat sink 16:44 on the uh rear there a few thermal pads 16:46 as well for some of the other power 16:47 components on this 16:51 PCB okay I've connected this uh camera 16:54 up I found some drivers on the disc that 16:56 seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't 16:58 get to install under Windows 11 though 17:01 um in the absence of any sort of lens or 17:03 being bothered to the proper amount I've 17:04 just put some f over it and put a little 17:06 pin in there to make a pinhole lens and 17:08 software gives a few options I'm not 17:11 entirely sure what all these are there's 17:12 obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low 17:15 gain and with PFG no idea what that is 17:19 something something game programmable 17:20 Something game perhaps ver exposure 17:23 types I think focus is just like a 17:25 continuous grab until you tell it to 17:27 stop not entirely sure all these options 17:30 are obviously exposure time uh triggers 17:33 there ex external hardware trigger inut 17:35 you just trigger using a um thing on 17:37 screen so the resolution is 8176 by 17:40 6132 and you can actually bin those 17:42 where you combine multiple pixels to get 17:46 increased gain at the expense of lower 17:48 resolution down this is a 10sec exposure 17:51 obviously of the pin hole it's very uh 17:53 intensitive so we just stand still now 17:56 downloading it there's the uh exposure 17:59 so when it's 18:01 um there's a little status thing down 18:03 here so that tells you the um exposure 18:07 [Applause] 18:09 time it's this is just it 18:15 downloading um it is quite I'm seeing 18:18 quite a lot like smearing I think that I 18:20 don't know whether that's just due to 18:21 pixels overloading or something else I 18:24 mean yeah it's not it's not um out of 18:26 the question that there's something not 18:27 totally right about this camera 18:28 certainly was bodge wise on there um I 18:31 don't I'd imagine a camera like this 18:32 it's got a fairly narrow range of 18:34 intensities that it's happy with I'm not 18:36 going to spend a great deal of time on 18:38 this if you're interested in this camera 18:40 maybe for astronomy or something and 18:42 happy to sort of take the risk of it may 18:44 not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll 18:47 stick this on eBay along with the 18:48 Illuminator I'll put a link down in the 18:50 description to the listing take your 18:52 chances to grab a bargain so for example 18:54 here we see this vertical streaking so 18:56 I'm not sure how normal that is this is 18:58 on fairly bright scene looking out the 19:02 window if I cut the exposure time down 19:04 on that it's now 1 second 19:07 exposure again most of the image 19:09 disappears again this is looks like it's 19:11 possibly over still overloading here go 19:14 that go down to say say quarter a 19:16 second so again I think there might be 19:19 some Auto gain control going on here um 19:21 this is with the PFG option let's try 19:23 turning that off and see what 19:25 happens so I'm not sure this is actually 19:27 more streaking or which just it's 19:29 cranked up the gain all the dis display 19:31 gray scale to show what um you know the 19:33 range of things that it's captured 19:36 there's one of one of 12 things in the 19:38 software there's um you can see of you 19:40 can't seem to read out the temperature 19:42 of the pelta cooler but you can set the 19:44 temperature and if you said it's a 19:46 different temperature you see the power 19:48 consumption jump up running the cooler 19:50 to get the temperature you requested but 19:52 I can't see anything anywhere that tells 19:54 you whether the cool is at the at the 19:56 temperature other than the power 19:57 consumption going down and there's no 19:59 temperature read out 20:03 here and just some yeah this is just 20:05 sort of very basic software I'm sure 20:07 there's like an API for more 20:09 sophisticated 20:10 applications but so if you know anything 20:12 more about these cameras please um stick 20:14 in the 20:15 comments um incidentally when I was 20:18 editing I didn't notice there was a bent 20:19 pin on the um CCD but I did fix that 20:22 before doing these tests and also 20:24 reactivated the um silica gel desicant 20:26 cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting 20:28 bit of condensation on the window but um 20:31 yeah so a couple of uh interesting but 20:34 maybe not particularly uh useful pieces 20:37 of Kit except for someone that's got a 20:38 very specific use so um I'll stick a 20:42 I'll stick these on eBay put a link in 20:44 the description and say hopefully 20:45 someone could actually make some uh good 20:47 use of these things Example Output: **Abstract:** This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera. The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime. The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault). **Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System** * **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each. * **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light. * **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering. * **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color. * **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise. * **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel. * **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing. * **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels. * **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED. * **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay. Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it: 00:00:01 The United Arab Emirates is 00:00:01 currently building the largest solar power plant in the 00:00:03 world. It should simply cover 90²k of desert 00:00:06 and have more than 5 Gwatts of power 00:00:08 . Solar power plants in the desert 00:00:10 produce an enormously high energy yield. 00:00:13 If we were to cover the entire Sahara with PV modules 00:00:15 , it could 00:00:16 cover global electricity consumption four times over. 00:00:19 However, studies also show that large 00:00:21 solar power plants in deserts 00:00:22 can really disrupt the global climate, 00:00:24 and that is just 00:00:26 one of several problems. And that's why 00:00:28 today we're going to take a look at what's behind it 00:00:29 and how much potential do XXL 00:00:32 desert solar power plants really have? That's what it's about 00:00:34 now and welcome to 00:00:35 Breaking Lab Jakob here. Let's go. 00:00:38 [Music] 00:00:38 [Applause] 00:00:40 Solar panels need sunlight, and 00:00:42 the logical conclusion would be to 00:00:44 place them where they receive the most 00:00:45 solar radiation. The best 00:00:47 places with the most solar radiation can be 00:00:49 seen in the Global Solar Atlas. 00:00:51 The regions are colored according to their photovoltaic 00:00:53 output. The brighter or 00:00:55 greener, the bluer the card, the 00:00:57 smaller the output and the redder, 00:00:59 the higher it is. And if you 00:01:01 look at the map, you can quickly see that 00:01:06 the output and radiation are particularly 00:01:06 high in desert regions. But why actually? This is 00:01:09 mainly due to the drought. Deserts are 00:01:10 often created by the rain shadow 00:01:12 of mountains, which prevents 00:01:14 moist air from reaching certain areas 00:01:15 . This means that the air 00:01:17 rains off in front of the mountains and when 00:01:19 it reaches the other side, it is 00:01:20 super dry. And this 00:01:22 rain shadow effect is one of the 00:01:24 most important processes in the 00:01:25 formation of deserts such as the Atacama Desert, the 00:01:27 Gobi Desert or the Mojave Desert. 00:01:30 Of course, there are other processes that 00:01:32 lead to continental deserts, 00:01:33 coastal deserts and tropic deserts at around the 00:01:36 23rd parallel. The Sahara is 00:01:39 basically a combination of these, 00:01:41 periodically green with lots of plants 00:01:43 and then a desert again. This 00:01:44 happens because the Earth 00:01:46 wobbles like a spinning top in a rhythm of 26,000 years, 00:01:49 and this wobbling influences 00:01:51 the climate and therefore also where and when 00:01:53 weather phenomena occur. The monsoon, 00:01:55 for example, caused the last green areas in the 00:01:58 Sahara to disappear 3 to 4,000 years ago 00:02:01 . What all deserts 00:02:03 have in common now is that due to the low 00:02:05 humidity there are few clouds, 00:02:07 but high levels of solar radiation. What's 00:02:09 also interesting is that 00:02:10 deserts have a high albedo, which 00:02:13 means they reflect 30 to 50% of the 00:02:15 incoming solar radiation back into the 00:02:17 air. Deserts also have a kind of cooling effect 00:02:20 on the climate. This will become 00:02:21 very important again in a moment. Let's look at the 00:02:23 advantages of building solar in the desert 00:02:25 . There are a few. We have 00:02:27 just talked about solar radiation 00:02:28 , which is particularly high in the desert 00:02:29 and therefore also the 00:02:31 energy yield of PVM modules. There is 00:02:33 a hypothetical calculation that 00:02:34 you often find on the Internet: If 00:02:36 you were to convert all the solar radiation in 00:02:37 the Sahara into electrical energy 00:02:39 , it would be enough to 00:02:41 power Europe 7,000 times over. Now, 00:02:44 however, there is a problem with this 00:02:45 calculation, because unfortunately PVMule 00:02:47 cannot use the entire spectrum of 00:02:48 solar radiation, but only 00:02:49 a small part of it. So you have to be 00:02:51 careful with this number. 00:02:52 Nevertheless, the potential is 00:02:54 of course quite large and this 00:02:56 potential has of course been recognized 00:02:57 for several years. A picture like this is circulating on 00:02:59 the Internet with a 00:03:01 map of the Sahara. There are three squares on the map, 00:03:02 and they are intended to 00:03:04 show how little area is needed to 00:03:09 supply Germany, Europe, and the entire world with solar power. The meme 00:03:09 goes back to a thesis 00:03:11 from 2005 and isn't entirely 00:03:13 realistic, but it does illustrate 00:03:15 well how great the potential of 00:03:17 solar power from the desert is. 00:03:19 Realistically, 00:03:21 global electricity demand could still be met four times over 00:03:23 if the entire Sahara were 00:03:24 covered entirely with photovoltaics. So 00:03:26 still a lot of electricity for a 00:03:28 relatively small area. But 00:03:30 let's move on to advantage number 2, which is 00:03:32 not talked about so much: 00:03:33 unused land. The 00:03:35 desert is not limited 00:03:36 to the Sahara and a third of the earth 00:03:38 is covered by desert. These deserts 00:03:40 are mostly relatively flat and, due to 00:03:42 their climate and location, are usually 00:03:43 unfavorable for industry, housing and, above 00:03:45 all, agriculture. In 00:03:46 short, deserts are simply 00:03:48 barely used. Yes, and 00:03:50 the United Arab Emirates have 00:03:52 now recognized these advantages for themselves and are 00:03:53 therefore building the world's largest new 00:03:55 photovoltaic power plant. The 00:03:56 United Arab Emirates are 00:03:58 located in the east of the Arabian Peninsula 00:04:00 and have a dry 00:04:02 desert climate throughout the country. And in the middle of this desert 00:04:04 near Abu Dhabi, the 00:04:06 state-owned company Maige 00:04:08 PV is building a solar farm with an area of 00:04:10 just 90 square kilometers. This means we can 00:04:17 cover almost the entire island of Süld in Germany with solar energy. 00:04:17 The new solar power plant is expected to 00:04:19 have an output of 5.2 Gwatts and will also have an 00:04:21 energy storage facility with a capacity of 00:04:23 just 19 Gwatt hours. The cost 00:04:26 for everything is about 6 billion euros. 00:04:28 The combined 00:04:30 solar-battery power plant is scheduled to go into operation in 00:04:31 2027. China currently holds the record 00:04:34 for the world's largest solar power plant. 00:04:36 Last year they commissioned a 3.5 Gwatt 00:04:39 power plant, 00:04:40 also in the desert, but without 00:04:42 battery storage. China wants to 00:04:45 become climate neutral by 2060, and 00:04:47 officials in the United 00:04:48 Arab Emirates also say that the new 00:04:50 project near Abu Dhabi should help the country 00:04:52 reduce CO2 emissions. But 00:04:54 is that really the only goal? I 00:04:56 mean, there's a relatively simple way, 00:04:59 for example, by not producing so much 00:05:01 oil, right? So in January, 00:05:04 Master CEO Mohammed Jamil Alramahi 00:05:07 gave an interview to the US broadcaster CNBC. In 00:05:10 the interview, he explains why the 00:05:11 United Arab Emirates is building the new 00:05:13 photovoltaic power plant and 00:05:15 also talks about the fires in Los 00:05:17 Angeles. However, not directly in 00:05:19 relation to climate change, but in the 00:05:21 context of drought. And that made us 00:05:23 a little suspicious. 00:05:25 The United Arab Emirates, 00:05:26 as a desert city, has a 00:05:28 very dry climate, as I said, and that is 00:05:30 a pretty big problem for the country, because 00:05:31 water is scarce and about 10 years ago 00:05:33 it was 00:05:35 even more expensive than oil in the United Arab Emirates. Because 00:05:38 water is so scarce, the 00:05:39 Emirates have long relied on expensive 00:05:41 desalination plants to produce more water. 00:05:43 They are also testing cloud seeding to 00:05:45 artificially trigger rainfall. But 00:05:47 why is this all being said now? So in 2024, 00:05:50 a study from Germany 00:05:51 found. City-sized photovoltaic solar parks 00:05:54 can influence the weather 00:05:55 . By pure coincidence, this was a 00:05:58 case study for the United 00:05:59 Arab Emirates, and they 00:06:01 even funded the study. But what did 00:06:04 the study find out? Well, 00:06:06 PVMules are usually darker than 00:06:08 sand. If we now place a large area of 00:06:10 PVmule in the desert, 00:06:12 they will absorb more energy from the sun's radiation 00:06:14 than the sand. It reflects 30 00:06:16 to 50% of the radiation back into the 00:06:18 Alladule, warmer than the sand, and 00:06:21 updrafts are created above the modules. Warm 00:06:23 air is rising there, which 00:06:25 now meets a sea breeze from the Persian 00:06:27 Gulf and mixes with it. The 00:06:29 idea is that this warm, moist air 00:06:31 continues to rise and forms clouds, which 00:06:33 then rain down. And one might 00:06:35 ask oneself, isn't this solar pack 00:06:37 perhaps just an attempt to influence 00:06:38 the weather using geoengineering 00:06:40 ? We know this to a large extent, 00:06:42 but first subscribe 00:06:44 and activate the bell so you don't 00:06:46 miss any more videos. Okay, 00:06:48 let's get into the big but. So in the 00:06:49 study, several area sizes were 00:06:51 examined. 100km, 400, 900, 1600 and 00:06:56 2500 00:06:57 km. The closest to the power plant is 00:06:59 the 100 km scenario. According to calculations, there was actually more water there on one day 00:07:02 within a year, 00:07:09 namely 400,000 cubic meters. That 00:07:09 might sound like a lot at first. However, when viewed across the 00:07:11 area of the United Arab 00:07:12 Emirates, that would only be 00:07:14 0.0048 00:07:16 mm. 00:07:18 The study also says that the effect 00:07:20 is negligible over the entire year. To have a truly 00:07:22 noticeable impact, the 00:07:23 BV power plant would have to have an area of at least 400 00:07:26 square meters. But we are 00:07:28 still a long way from that. Let's take a look at 00:07:30 what consequences 00:07:32 such and even larger XXL PVP parks 00:07:34 with thousands of square meters of area would have. 00:07:37 Research has 00:07:38 actually been investigating this for a few years now. We in 00:07:40 Europe are primarily looking at 00:07:41 the Sahara. The largest desert in the world 00:07:43 is relatively close and 00:07:45 therefore particularly interesting for us. However, 00:07:47 the consequences for the climate would be truly 00:07:49 dramatic if we 00:07:51 were to build large PV power plants here. Because 00:07:52 photovoltaic modules reflect less radiation 00:07:54 , 00:07:56 the Earth's surface in the Sahara would warm by up to 1.28° 00:07:58 . The surface warming, which 00:08:00 feeds into a lower air pressure, 00:08:02 rising air and 00:08:04 clouds form. There is now significantly 00:08:06 more rain here, 50% more. Due to more 00:08:08 rainfall, more 00:08:10 plants grow and these then cause a 00:08:12 positive rainfall-vegetation feedback. 00:08:14 This means that even less radiation is 00:08:16 reflected, temperature and precipitation 00:08:19 continue to rise and even more 00:08:21 plants grow. However, the modules would now 00:08:22 not only affect the Sahara itself, but the 00:08:24 climate all over the world. 00:08:26 And again, we're 00:08:27 really only talking about these 00:08:28 huge PV areas of 1,000 square kilometers 00:08:31 and not like in the 00:08:33 Emirates with 90. The study from 00:08:35 2024 primarily examines 00:08:37 these very large scenarios and 00:08:39 I found that pretty crazy. So even 00:08:40 if we only cover 20% of the Sahara with 00:08:42 photovoltaics, it would have 00:08:44 dramatic consequences in many places in the 00:08:46 world. There are weather anomalies around the world 00:08:48 . There would 00:08:50 indeed be effects similar to those of El 00:08:52 Ninia and Elninho. That would be really 00:08:54 bad and we would 00:08:56 feel it particularly clearly in Europe. In southern and 00:08:58 central Europe, including here in 00:08:59 Germany, there would be more clouds. Ultimately, 00:09:01 just 20% photovoltaics in the 00:09:04 Sahara would be enough to reduce the annual 00:09:05 PV potential in large parts of Central Europe 00:09:08 by 4%. During the 00:09:11 local summer months it could 00:09:13 be even higher. 00:09:15 It would probably be even more extreme in 00:09:17 Africa than in Europe. Here the PVP price would 00:09:19 drop by more than 8% across the board. 00:09:24 Scandinavia, on the other hand, could benefit. 00:09:24 The study shows a 00:09:26 slight increase in the PVPential, especially for Sweden and Norway. Well, 00:09:28 I really have to say, I found the 00:09:30 consequences described there pretty shocking 00:09:32 . At this point, we 00:09:34 're in the large Arber Mountains, so we have to 00:09:35 be critical and say: "Hey, 00:09:37 there's a study that 00:09:38 looked at the whole thing. There will definitely 00:09:40 be more research, and we 00:09:41 must never forget that a climate system 00:09:43 is an extremely complex system, and 00:09:47 it's actually sometimes very difficult to 00:09:48 predict exactly what effect something would have 00:09:50 . But what definitely 00:09:52 makes sense is that photovoltaic modules are 00:09:54 dark, so they heat 00:09:56 up more. That means that this definitely has 00:09:57 certain effects, and it's 00:10:00 kind of logical to determine what these 00:10:01 effects are. I think 00:10:02 more research will be needed. 00:10:04 And what we mustn't forget is 00:10:05 that we're really talking about 00:10:07 gigantic dimensions here; we're 00:10:09 still a long way from that. What we 00:10:11 also mustn't forget is that there are 00:10:12 a few other problems 00:10:14 with solar power plants in the desert. For example, 00:10:17 there's little infrastructure. You need 00:10:18 water for cooling, and we have 00:10:20 transport losses when we transport the electricity 00:10:22 . And of course, 00:10:23 we're always working in a sensitive 00:10:25 ecosystem. And things like sand are 00:10:27 also a problem, i.e. contamination of the 00:10:28 solar modules, there are all sorts of approaches 00:10:30 to that. Nevertheless, these are certainly 00:10:32 some challenges, and especially when 00:10:34 you build the whole thing on an XXL scale, then 00:10:36 these are no small 00:10:37 challenges. I have to say, 00:10:39 I found it really astonishing what 00:10:41 effects can arise when 00:10:43 we're talking about such large dimensions 00:10:44 . Nevertheless, there's 00:10:46 no need to panic. We're a 00:10:48 long way from becoming that big 00:10:50 in this area and, as I said, 00:10:52 many things will probably need to be 00:10:54 investigated more closely 00:10:55 . Nevertheless, I wanted to 00:10:56 share the whole thing with you. I'm 00:10:57 curious to see what you have to say in the 00:10:58 comments. Otherwise, you'll find 00:11:00 a new video here and I'll say, 00:11:02 see you again Tuesday and 00:11:03 Thursday at 5 p.m. Until then, take
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*Abstract:* This video explores Delta environments as critical interfaces between rivers and larger water bodies, characterized by a complex interplay of fluvial, wave, and tidal processes. Deltas are shoreline protuberances, segmented into a sub-aerial "Delta plane" and submarine "Delta front" and "pro-Delta" sections. Key identifiers include a mixture of fluvial (e.g., ripples, dunes) and marine (e.g., wave ripples, HCS) sedimentary indicators, rapid sediment deposition forming distributary mouth bars (often with climbing ripples), and a distinct "clinoform" bed geometry. The high sedimentation rates and potential for steeper slopes lead to widespread soft sediment deformation. The video distinguishes between lighter "hypopycnal" plumes that spread on the surface and denser "hyperpycnal" plumes that flow as turbidity currents, depositing turbidite-like beds and creating unidirectional current ripples in marine settings. It details the characteristic sedimentological features of the pro-Delta (fine-grained), Delta front (coarsening-upward, wave/tidal influence), and Delta plane (distributary channels, interdistributary bays, often cyclical). Finally, it discusses the distinct expressions of wave- or tide-dominated Deltas and highlights the inherent cyclicity of Delta development due to "avulsion" (lobe switching), cautioning against misinterpreting these as allocyclic base-level changes. *Exploring Coastal Soloclasic Environments: The Delta Environment* * *0:02 Definition of Deltas:* Deltas are the interface between river and coastal settings, formed as bulges where a river enters a larger water body (ocean or lake). They are characterized by a mixture of fluvial (river), wave, and tidal processes. * *0:27 Delta Components:* A Delta consists of sub-aerial (above water) parts, known as the "Delta plane," and submarine (below water) parts, including the "Delta front" and the "pro-Delta." * *0:52 Identifying Delta Deposits:* The primary way to identify Delta deposits is by observing a mixture of fluvial sedimentary indicators (e.g., ripples, dunes) alongside wave or tidal indicators (e.g., wave ripples, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS), flaser bedding, inclined heterolithic stratification). * *1:14 Distributary Mouth Bars:* In Deltas, the river typically branches into multiple "distributary channels," and sand is deposited as a bar at the mouth of each channel, forming "distributary mouth bars." These bars are characterized by the rapid deposition of large amounts of sediment because river water rapidly decelerates upon hitting the standing ocean or lake water. * *1:55 Climbing Ripples:* Rapid deposition within mouth bars often results in the presence of climbing ripples, which can be a key indicator distinguishing a Delta environment from other shallow environments. Reactivation surfaces from high-energy flood events may also be found. * *2:24 Delta Slopes (Clinoforms):* Deltas generally have steeper slopes than typical shallow marine environments, exhibiting a large-scale S-shaped bed geometry called a "clinoform" (flatter top sets, steeper foresets, and a fairly flat bottom set). In reality, these clinoforms dip at just a couple of degrees. * *3:04 Soft Sediment Deformation:* Due to potentially steeper slopes and high sedimentation rates (leading to rapidly accumulating, uncompacted, water-rich sediment), deeper parts of Deltas (like the Delta front or pro-Delta) can contain convolute bedding or large slumps. The presence of such soft sediment deformation is a strong marker for a Delta. * *3:37 River Water Plumes:* River water pushes offshore in plumes, categorized by density: * *3:50 Hypopycnal Plumes:* These are less dense than seawater (typical for normal river flow with low sediment load) and spread out along the water surface, gradually depositing hemipelagic sediment from suspension. * *4:20 Hyperpycnal Plumes:* These are denser than seawater (occurring during river floods with huge sediment loads) and flow as turbulent sediment gravity flows (turbidity currents) down the slope, depositing thin, normally graded beds, similar to turbidites. * *5:15 Current Ripples in Marine Settings:* Hyperpycnal flows can create unidirectional current ripples in marine Delta front environments, which are otherwise uncommon in shallow marine settings, providing another indicator of Delta influence. * *5:38 Broad Delta Clues:* Key clues for a broader Delta type setting include unidirectional ripples (potentially climbing ripples) in a marine environment and the presence of soft sediment deformation. * *5:51 Pro-Delta Environment:* This is the deepest part of the Delta, below the influence of waves or tides. It's characterized by very fine-grained facies, often resembling regular offshore deposits. Clues for its Deltaic nature include graded deposits from hyperpycnal plumes and soft sediment deformation. Pro-Delta facies always prograde, being overlain by Delta front sediments. * *6:40 Delta Front Environment:* This is a more proximal and coarser-grained environment than the pro-Delta, resulting in typical coarsening-upward successions in Deltas. Being above wave base, it may show wave or tidal influence (e.g., wave ripples, HCS, bidirectional crossbeds), in addition to hyperpycnal plume deposits and potential soft sediment deformation. * *7:22 Delta Plane Environment:* This is the mostly sub-aerial part of the Delta, comprising coarse-grained river distributary channels (which may resemble fluvial deposits) and interdistributary bays. Interdistributary bays have variable and often cyclical sediments, potentially leading to coal deposits. While Deltas are typically coarsening-upward, the Delta plane, specifically interdistributary bay environments, can be finer-grained than the Delta front. * *9:12 Wave-Influenced Deltas:* In Deltas strongly influenced by waves, the distributary mouth bars are heavily reworked into shore-parallel linear sand ridges that resemble beach or shoreface deposits. Context from the underlying Delta succession is crucial for identification. * *10:03 Tide-Dominated Deltas:* In tide-dominated Deltas, mouth bars are reworked into shore-perpendicular elongated sand bodies. The Delta plane may resemble tidal flats or estuaries, featuring bidirectional crossbeds or flaser bedding. Again, the overall facies succession helps in distinguishing these. * *10:39 Inherent Delta Cyclicity (Avulsion):* Deltas possess strong inherent cyclicity, regardless of base-level changes. This is due to "avulsion," where the river channel switches its location, causing an active Delta lobe to prograde and accumulate sediment, while the abandoned lobe subsides. This natural lobe switching creates cyclical deposits, requiring caution in interpreting them as allocyclic base-level cycles. Error: value error I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript. Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0075 Input tokens: 15496 Output tokens: 1475
Abstract:
This video explores Delta environments as critical interfaces between rivers and larger water bodies, characterized by a complex interplay of fluvial, wave, and tidal processes. Deltas are shoreline protuberances, segmented into a sub-aerial "Delta plane" and submarine "Delta front" and "pro-Delta" sections. Key identifiers include a mixture of fluvial (e.g., ripples, dunes) and marine (e.g., wave ripples, HCS) sedimentary indicators, rapid sediment deposition forming distributary mouth bars (often with climbing ripples), and a distinct "clinoform" bed geometry. The high sedimentation rates and potential for steeper slopes lead to widespread soft sediment deformation. The video distinguishes between lighter "hypopycnal" plumes that spread on the surface and denser "hyperpycnal" plumes that flow as turbidity currents, depositing turbidite-like beds and creating unidirectional current ripples in marine settings. It details the characteristic sedimentological features of the pro-Delta (fine-grained), Delta front (coarsening-upward, wave/tidal influence), and Delta plane (distributary channels, interdistributary bays, often cyclical). Finally, it discusses the distinct expressions of wave- or tide-dominated Deltas and highlights the inherent cyclicity of Delta development due to "avulsion" (lobe switching), cautioning against misinterpreting these as allocyclic base-level changes.
Exploring Coastal Soloclasic Environments: The Delta Environment
Below, I will provide input for an example video (comprising of title, description, and transcript, in this order) and the corresponding abstract and summary I expect. Afterward, I will provide a new transcript that I want you to summarize in the same format. **Please give an abstract of the transcript and then summarize the transcript in a self-contained bullet list format.** Include starting timestamps, important details and key takeaways. Example Input: Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Subscribed 369 Share Download Clip Save 5,857 views Aug 26, 2024 Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g... Ebay listings: https://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/mikeselect... Merch https://mikeselectricstuff.creator-sp... Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Videos About Support on Patreon 40 Comments @robertwatsonbath 6 hours ago Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to. 1 Reply @Muonium1 9 hours ago The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths. 4 Reply 1 reply @tafsirnahian669 10 hours ago (edited) Can this be used as an astrophotography camera? Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 6 hours ago Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout Reply @2010craggy 11 hours ago Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel. 1 Reply @vitukz 12 hours ago A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it 2 Reply @RobertGallop 19 hours ago That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps! Reply @Prophes0r 19 hours ago I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source. Very clever. 6 Reply @OneBiOzZ 20 hours ago given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it 9 Reply @tekvax01 21 hours ago $20 thousand dollars per minute of run time! 1 Reply @tekvax01 22 hours ago "We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park. *(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!) Reply @florianf4257 22 hours ago The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun). 12 Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 12 hours ago I didn't think of that, but makes sense 2 Reply @douro20 22 hours ago (edited) The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam. 1 Reply @RicoElectrico 23 hours ago PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet. Reply @dcallan812 23 hours ago Very interesting. 2x Reply @littleboot_ 1 day ago Cool interesting device Reply @dav1dbone 1 day ago I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy? Reply @kevywevvy8833 1 day ago ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights. 1 Reply 1 reply @bill6255 1 day ago Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho 3 Reply @JAKOB1977 1 day ago (edited) The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums. Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels) Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V) Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V) 61.3 mm (Diagonal), 645 1.1x Optical Format Aspect Ratio 4:3 Horizontal Outputs 4 Saturation Signal 40.3 ke− Output Sensitivity 31 V/e− Quantum Efficiency KAF−50100−CAA KAF−50100−AAA KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens) 22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B) 25% 62% Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e− Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2 Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB Estimated Linear Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 69.3 dB Charge Transfer Efficiency Horizontal Vertical 0.999995 0.999999 Blooming Protection (4 ms Exposure Time) 800X Saturation Exposure Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz Package Ceramic PGA Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or Clear Glass Features • TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode for High Sensitivity • Ultra-High Resolution • Board Dynamic Range • Low Noise Architecture • Large Active Imaging Area Applications • Digitization • Mapping/Aerial • Photography • Scientific Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy Reply @martinalooksatthings 1 day ago 15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh 8 Reply @RhythmGamer 1 day ago Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix 1 Reply @dine9093 1 day ago (edited) Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there? 2 Reply @NickNorton 1 day ago Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting. 5 Reply @KeritechElectronics 1 day ago Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty! 1 Reply @YSoreil 1 day ago The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild. 2 Reply @snik2pl 1 day ago That leds look like from led projector Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago TDI = Time Domain Integration ? 1 Reply @wolpumba4099 1 day ago (edited) Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout. From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle i guess it would be good for astrophotography 4 Reply @txm100 1 day ago (edited) Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped! 9 Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper. 1 Reply @MRooodddvvv 1 day ago yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff ! 4 Reply 1 reply @NoPegs 1 day ago He lives! 11 Reply 1 reply Transcript 0:00 so I've stripped all the bits of the 0:01 optical system so basically we've got 0:03 the uh the camera 0:05 itself which is mounted on this uh very 0:09 complex 0:10 adjustment thing which obviously to set 0:13 you the various tilt and uh alignment 0:15 stuff then there's two of these massive 0:18 lenses I've taken one of these apart I 0:20 think there's something like about eight 0:22 or nine Optical elements in here these 0:25 don't seem to do a great deal in terms 0:26 of electr magnification they're obiously 0:28 just about getting the image to where it 0:29 uh where it needs to be just so that 0:33 goes like that then this Optical block I 0:36 originally thought this was made of some 0:37 s crazy heavy material but it's just 0:39 really the sum of all these Optical bits 0:41 are just ridiculously heavy those lenses 0:43 are about 4 kilos each and then there's 0:45 this very heavy very solid um piece that 0:47 goes in the middle and this is so this 0:49 is the filter wheel assembly with a 0:51 hilariously oversized steper 0:53 motor driving this wheel with these very 0:57 large narrow band filters so we've got 1:00 various different shades of uh 1:03 filters there five Al together that 1:06 one's actually just showing up a silver 1:07 that's actually a a red but fairly low 1:10 transmission orangey red blue green 1:15 there's an excess cover on this side so 1:16 the filters can be accessed and changed 1:19 without taking anything else apart even 1:21 this is like ridiculous it's like solid 1:23 aluminium this is just basically a cover 1:25 the actual wavelengths of these are um 1:27 488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what 1:32 the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh 1:34 the width of the spectral line say these 1:37 are very narrow band filters most of 1:39 them are you very little light through 1:41 so it's still very tight narrow band to 1:43 match the um fluoresence of the dies 1:45 they're using in the biochemical process 1:48 and obviously to reject the light that's 1:49 being fired at it from that Illuminator 1:51 box and then there's a there's a second 1:53 one of these lenses then the actual sort 1:55 of samples below that so uh very serious 1:58 amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics 2:01 okay let's take a look at this light 2:02 source made by company Lumen Dynamics 2:04 who are now part of 2:06 excelitas self-contained unit power 2:08 connector USB and this which one of the 2:11 Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface 2:14 USB wasn't used in uh the fluid 2:17 application output here and I think this 2:19 is an input for um light feedback I 2:21 don't if it's regulated or just a measur 2:23 measurement facility and the uh fiber 2:27 assembly 2:29 Square Inlet there and then there's two 2:32 outputs which have uh lens assemblies 2:35 and this small one which goes back into 2:37 that small Port just Loops out of here 2:40 straight back in So on this side we've 2:42 got the electronics which look pretty 2:44 straightforward we've got a bit of power 2:45 supply stuff over here and we've got 2:48 separate drivers for each wavelength now 2:50 interesting this is clearly been very 2:52 specifically made for this application 2:54 you I was half expecting like say some 2:56 generic drivers that could be used for a 2:58 number of different things but actually 3:00 literally specified the exact wavelength 3:02 on the PCB there is provision here for 3:04 385 NM which isn't populated but this is 3:07 clearly been designed very specifically 3:09 so these four drivers look the same but 3:10 then there's two higher power ones for 3:12 575 and 3:14 520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this 3:16 575 section there a p 24 which is 3:20 providing USB interface USB isolator the 3:23 USB interface just presents as a comport 3:26 I did have a quick look but I didn't 3:27 actually get anything sensible um I did 3:29 dump the Pi code out and there's a few 3:31 you a few sort of commands that you 3:32 could see in text but I didn't actually 3:34 manage to get it working properly I 3:36 found some software for related version 3:38 but it didn't seem to want to talk to it 3:39 but um I say that wasn't used for the 3:41 original application it might be quite 3:42 interesting to get try and get the Run 3:44 hours count out of it and the TTL 3:46 interface looks fairly straightforward 3:48 we've got positions for six opto 3:50 isolators but only five five are 3:52 installed so that corresponds with the 3:54 unused thing so I think this hopefully 3:56 should be as simple as just providing a 3:57 ttrl signal for each color to uh enable 4:00 it a big heat sink here which is there I 4:03 think there's like a big S of metal 4:04 plate through the middle of this that 4:05 all the leads are mounted on the other 4:07 side so this is heat sinking it with a 4:09 air flow from a uh just a fan in here 4:13 obviously don't have the air flow 4:14 anywhere near the Optics so conduction 4:17 cool through to this plate that's then 4:18 uh air cooled got some pots which are 4:21 presumably power 4:22 adjustments okay let's take a look at 4:24 the other side which is uh much more 4:27 interesting see we've got some uh very 4:31 uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there 4:35 a bunch of leads so we've got one here 4:37 475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520 4:44 filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to 4:48 see what's white is if we just shine 4:49 some white light through 4:51 here not sure how it is is to see on the 4:54 camera but shining white light we do 4:55 actually get a bit of red a bit of blue 4:57 some yellow here so the obstacle path 5:00 575 it goes sort of here bounces off 5:03 this mirror and goes out the 520 goes 5:07 sort of down here across here and up 5:09 there 630 goes basically straight 5:13 through 5:15 430 goes across there down there along 5:17 there and the 475 goes down here and 5:20 left this is the light sensing thing 5:22 think here there's just a um I think 5:24 there a photo diode or other sensor 5:26 haven't actually taken that off and 5:28 everything's fixed down to this chunk of 5:31 aluminium which acts as the heat 5:32 spreader that then conducts the heat to 5:33 the back side for the heat 5:35 sink and the actual lead packages all 5:38 look fairly similar except for this one 5:41 on the 575 which looks quite a bit more 5:44 substantial big spay 5:46 Terminals and the interface for this 5:48 turned out to be extremely simple it's 5:50 literally a 5V TTL level to enable each 5:54 color doesn't seem to be any tensity 5:56 control but there are some additional 5:58 pins on that connector that weren't used 5:59 in the through time thing so maybe 6:01 there's some extra lines that control 6:02 that I couldn't find any data on this uh 6:05 unit and the um their current product 6:07 range is quite significantly different 6:09 so we've got the uh blue these 6:13 might may well be saturating the camera 6:16 so they might look a bit weird so that's 6:17 the 430 6:18 blue the 575 6:24 yellow uh 6:26 475 light blue 6:29 the uh 520 6:31 green and the uh 630 red now one 6:36 interesting thing I noticed for the 6:39 575 it's actually it's actually using a 6:42 white lead and then filtering it rather 6:44 than using all the other ones are using 6:46 leads which are the fundamental colors 6:47 but uh this is actually doing white and 6:50 it's a combination of this filter and 6:52 the dichroic mirrors that are turning to 6:55 Yellow if we take the filter out and a 6:57 lot of the a lot of the um blue content 7:00 is going this way the red is going 7:02 straight through these two mirrors so 7:05 this is clearly not reflecting much of 7:08 that so we end up with the yellow coming 7:10 out of uh out of there which is a fairly 7:14 light yellow color which you don't 7:16 really see from high intensity leads so 7:19 that's clearly why they've used the 7:20 white to uh do this power consumption of 7:23 the white is pretty high so going up to 7:25 about 2 and 1 half amps on that color 7:27 whereas most of the other colors are 7:28 only drawing half an amp or so at 24 7:30 volts the uh the green is up to about 7:32 1.2 but say this thing is uh much 7:35 brighter and if you actually run all the 7:38 colors at the same time you get a fairly 7:41 reasonable um looking white coming out 7:43 of it and one thing you might just be 7:45 out to notice is there is some sort 7:46 color banding around here that's not 7:49 getting uh everything s completely 7:51 concentric and I think that's where this 7:53 fiber optic thing comes 7:58 in I'll 8:00 get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped 8:04 very sort of uniform color and looking 8:06 at What's um inside here we've basically 8:09 just got this Square Rod so this is 8:12 clearly yeah the lights just bouncing 8:13 off all the all the various sides to um 8:16 get a nice uniform illumination uh this 8:19 back bit looks like it's all potted so 8:21 nothing I really do to get in there I 8:24 think this is fiber so I have come 8:26 across um cables like this which are 8:27 liquid fill but just looking through the 8:30 end of this it's probably a bit hard to 8:31 see it does look like there fiber ends 8:34 going going on there and so there's this 8:36 feedback thing which is just obviously 8:39 compensating for the any light losses 8:41 through here to get an accurate 8:43 representation of uh the light that's 8:45 been launched out of these two 8:47 fibers and you see uh 8:49 these have got this sort of trapezium 8:54 shape light guides again it's like a 8:56 sort of acrylic or glass light guide 9:00 guess projected just to make the right 9:03 rectangular 9:04 shape and look at this Center assembly 9:07 um the light output doesn't uh change 9:10 whether you feed this in or not so it's 9:11 clear not doing any internal Clos Loop 9:14 control obviously there may well be some 9:16 facility for it to do that but it's not 9:17 being used in this 9:19 application and so this output just 9:21 produces a voltage on the uh outle 9:24 connector proportional to the amount of 9:26 light that's present so there's a little 9:28 diffuser in the back there 9:30 and then there's just some kind of uh 9:33 Optical sensor looks like a 9:35 chip looking at the lead it's a very 9:37 small package on the PCB with this lens 9:40 assembly over the top and these look 9:43 like they're actually on a copper 9:44 Metalized PCB for maximum thermal 9:47 performance and yeah it's a very small 9:49 package looks like it's a ceramic 9:51 package and there's a thermister there 9:53 for temperature monitoring this is the 9:56 475 blue one this is the 520 need to 9:59 Green which is uh rather different OB 10:02 it's a much bigger D with lots of bond 10:04 wise but also this looks like it's using 10:05 a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it 10:08 lights up green so this is actually a 10:10 phosphor conversion green lead which 10:12 I've I've come across before they want 10:15 that specific wavelength so they may be 10:17 easier to tune a phosphor than tune the 10:20 um semiconductor material to get the uh 10:23 right right wavelength from the lead 10:24 directly uh red 630 similar size to the 10:28 blue one or does seem to have a uh a 10:31 lens on top of it there is a sort of red 10:33 coloring to 10:35 the die but that doesn't appear to be 10:38 fluorescent as far as I can 10:39 tell and the white one again a little 10:41 bit different sort of much higher 10:43 current 10:46 connectors a makeer name on that 10:48 connector flot light not sure if that's 10:52 the connector or the lead 10:54 itself and obviously with the phosphor 10:56 and I'd imagine that phosphor may well 10:58 be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5 11:01 cenm and actually this white one looks 11:04 like a St fairly standard product I just 11:06 found it in Mouse made by luminous 11:09 devices in fact actually I think all 11:11 these are based on various luminous 11:13 devices modules and they're you take 11:17 looks like they taking the nearest 11:18 wavelength and then just using these 11:19 filters to clean it up to get a precise 11:22 uh spectral line out of it so quite a 11:25 nice neat and um extreme 11:30 bright light source uh sure I've got any 11:33 particular use for it so I think this 11:35 might end up on 11:36 eBay but uh very pretty to look out and 11:40 without the uh risk of burning your eyes 11:43 out like you do with lasers so I thought 11:45 it would be interesting to try and 11:46 figure out the runtime of this things 11:48 like this we usually keep some sort 11:49 record of runtime cuz leads degrade over 11:51 time I couldn't get any software to work 11:52 through the USB face but then had a 11:54 thought probably going to be writing the 11:55 runtime periodically to the e s prom so 11:58 I just just scope up that and noticed it 12:00 was doing right every 5 minutes so I 12:02 just ran it for a while periodically 12:04 reading the E squ I just held the pick 12:05 in in reset and um put clip over to read 12:07 the square prom and found it was writing 12:10 one location per color every 5 minutes 12:12 so if one color was on it would write 12:14 that location every 5 minutes and just 12:16 increment it by one so after doing a few 12:18 tests with different colors of different 12:19 time periods it looked extremely 12:21 straightforward it's like a four bite 12:22 count for each color looking at the 12:24 original data that was in it all the 12:26 colors apart from Green were reading 12:28 zero and the green was reading four 12:30 indicating a total 20 minutes run time 12:32 ever if it was turned on run for a short 12:34 time then turned off that might not have 12:36 been counted but even so indicates this 12:37 thing wasn't used a great deal the whole 12:40 s process of doing a run can be several 12:42 hours but it'll only be doing probably 12:43 the Imaging at the end of that so you 12:46 wouldn't expect to be running for a long 12:47 time but say a single color for 20 12:50 minutes over its whole lifetime does 12:52 seem a little bit on the low side okay 12:55 let's look at the camera un fortunately 12:57 I managed to not record any sound when I 12:58 did this it's also a couple of months 13:00 ago so there's going to be a few details 13:02 that I've forgotten so I'm just going to 13:04 dub this over the original footage so um 13:07 take the lid off see this massive great 13:10 heat sink so this is a pel cool camera 13:12 we've got this blower fan producing a 13:14 fair amount of air flow through 13:16 it the connector here there's the ccds 13:19 mounted on the board on the 13:24 right this unplugs so we've got a bit of 13:27 power supply stuff on here 13:29 USB interface I think that's the Cyprus 13:32 microcontroller High speeded USB 13:34 interface there's a zyink spon fpga some 13:40 RAM and there's a couple of ATD 13:42 converters can't quite read what those 13:45 those are but anal 13:47 devices um little bit of bodgery around 13:51 here extra decoupling obviously they 13:53 have having some noise issues this is 13:55 around the ram chip quite a lot of extra 13:57 capacitors been added there 13:59 uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior 14:01 to the HD converter buffers or Andor 14:05 amplifiers taking the CCD 14:08 signal um bit more power spy stuff here 14:11 this is probably all to do with 14:12 generating the various CCD bias voltages 14:14 they uh need quite a lot of exotic 14:18 voltages next board down is just a 14:20 shield and an interconnect 14:24 boardly shielding the power supply stuff 14:26 from some the more sensitive an log 14:28 stuff 14:31 and this is the bottom board which is 14:32 just all power supply 14:34 stuff as you can see tons of capacitors 14:37 or Transformer in 14:42 there and this is the CCD which is a uh 14:47 very impressive thing this is a kf50 100 14:50 originally by true sense then codec 14:53 there ON 14:54 Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the 14:58 only price I could find was this one 15:00 5,000 bucks and the architecture you can 15:03 see there actually two separate halves 15:04 which explains the Dual AZ converters 15:06 and two amplifiers it's literally split 15:08 down the middle and duplicated so it's 15:10 outputting two streams in parallel just 15:13 to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's 15:15 got this amazing um diffraction effects 15:18 it's got micro lenses over the pixel so 15:20 there's there's a bit more Optics going 15:22 on than on a normal 15:25 sensor few more bodges on the CCD board 15:28 including this wire which isn't really 15:29 tacked down very well which is a bit uh 15:32 bit of a mess quite a few bits around 15:34 this board where they've uh tacked 15:36 various bits on which is not super 15:38 impressive looks like CCD drivers on the 15:40 left with those 3 ohm um damping 15:43 resistors on the 15:47 output get a few more little bodges 15:50 around here some of 15:52 the and there's this separator the 15:54 silica gel to keep the moisture down but 15:56 there's this separator that actually 15:58 appears to be cut from piece of 15:59 antistatic 16:04 bag and this sort of thermal block on 16:06 top of this stack of three pel Cola 16:12 modules so as with any Stacks they get 16:16 um larger as they go back towards the 16:18 heat sink because each P's got to not 16:20 only take the heat from the previous but 16:21 also the waste heat which is quite 16:27 significant you see a little temperature 16:29 sensor here that copper block which 16:32 makes contact with the back of the 16:37 CCD and this's the back of the 16:40 pelas this then contacts the heat sink 16:44 on the uh rear there a few thermal pads 16:46 as well for some of the other power 16:47 components on this 16:51 PCB okay I've connected this uh camera 16:54 up I found some drivers on the disc that 16:56 seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't 16:58 get to install under Windows 11 though 17:01 um in the absence of any sort of lens or 17:03 being bothered to the proper amount I've 17:04 just put some f over it and put a little 17:06 pin in there to make a pinhole lens and 17:08 software gives a few options I'm not 17:11 entirely sure what all these are there's 17:12 obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low 17:15 gain and with PFG no idea what that is 17:19 something something game programmable 17:20 Something game perhaps ver exposure 17:23 types I think focus is just like a 17:25 continuous grab until you tell it to 17:27 stop not entirely sure all these options 17:30 are obviously exposure time uh triggers 17:33 there ex external hardware trigger inut 17:35 you just trigger using a um thing on 17:37 screen so the resolution is 8176 by 17:40 6132 and you can actually bin those 17:42 where you combine multiple pixels to get 17:46 increased gain at the expense of lower 17:48 resolution down this is a 10sec exposure 17:51 obviously of the pin hole it's very uh 17:53 intensitive so we just stand still now 17:56 downloading it there's the uh exposure 17:59 so when it's 18:01 um there's a little status thing down 18:03 here so that tells you the um exposure 18:07 [Applause] 18:09 time it's this is just it 18:15 downloading um it is quite I'm seeing 18:18 quite a lot like smearing I think that I 18:20 don't know whether that's just due to 18:21 pixels overloading or something else I 18:24 mean yeah it's not it's not um out of 18:26 the question that there's something not 18:27 totally right about this camera 18:28 certainly was bodge wise on there um I 18:31 don't I'd imagine a camera like this 18:32 it's got a fairly narrow range of 18:34 intensities that it's happy with I'm not 18:36 going to spend a great deal of time on 18:38 this if you're interested in this camera 18:40 maybe for astronomy or something and 18:42 happy to sort of take the risk of it may 18:44 not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll 18:47 stick this on eBay along with the 18:48 Illuminator I'll put a link down in the 18:50 description to the listing take your 18:52 chances to grab a bargain so for example 18:54 here we see this vertical streaking so 18:56 I'm not sure how normal that is this is 18:58 on fairly bright scene looking out the 19:02 window if I cut the exposure time down 19:04 on that it's now 1 second 19:07 exposure again most of the image 19:09 disappears again this is looks like it's 19:11 possibly over still overloading here go 19:14 that go down to say say quarter a 19:16 second so again I think there might be 19:19 some Auto gain control going on here um 19:21 this is with the PFG option let's try 19:23 turning that off and see what 19:25 happens so I'm not sure this is actually 19:27 more streaking or which just it's 19:29 cranked up the gain all the dis display 19:31 gray scale to show what um you know the 19:33 range of things that it's captured 19:36 there's one of one of 12 things in the 19:38 software there's um you can see of you 19:40 can't seem to read out the temperature 19:42 of the pelta cooler but you can set the 19:44 temperature and if you said it's a 19:46 different temperature you see the power 19:48 consumption jump up running the cooler 19:50 to get the temperature you requested but 19:52 I can't see anything anywhere that tells 19:54 you whether the cool is at the at the 19:56 temperature other than the power 19:57 consumption going down and there's no 19:59 temperature read out 20:03 here and just some yeah this is just 20:05 sort of very basic software I'm sure 20:07 there's like an API for more 20:09 sophisticated 20:10 applications but so if you know anything 20:12 more about these cameras please um stick 20:14 in the 20:15 comments um incidentally when I was 20:18 editing I didn't notice there was a bent 20:19 pin on the um CCD but I did fix that 20:22 before doing these tests and also 20:24 reactivated the um silica gel desicant 20:26 cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting 20:28 bit of condensation on the window but um 20:31 yeah so a couple of uh interesting but 20:34 maybe not particularly uh useful pieces 20:37 of Kit except for someone that's got a 20:38 very specific use so um I'll stick a 20:42 I'll stick these on eBay put a link in 20:44 the description and say hopefully 20:45 someone could actually make some uh good 20:47 use of these things Example Output: **Abstract:** This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera. The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime. The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault). **Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System** * **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each. * **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light. * **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering. * **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color. * **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise. * **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel. * **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing. * **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels. * **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED. * **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay. Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it: 00:00:02 next up in our discussion of coastal 00:00:02 soloc clastic environments is the Delta 00:00:04 environment so Deltas are the interface 00:00:07 between River and Coastal settings and 00:00:10 they're characterized by a mixture of 00:00:11 flui or river wave and tidal 00:00:15 processes Deltas are protuberances or 00:00:18 bulges in the shoreline built where a 00:00:20 river enters into a larger water body so 00:00:23 this going be into the ocean which is 00:00:24 most often the case but also into a lake 00:00:27 the Delta setting includes parts that 00:00:29 are sub areial or above water called the 00:00:31 Delta plane and parts that are submarine 00:00:33 or below water including the Delta front 00:00:36 and the pro 00:00:38 Delta flu fuel processes are obviously 00:00:41 important in Deltas since the Delta is 00:00:43 where the river empties into the ocean 00:00:45 but the shallow parts of a Delta can 00:00:46 also be heavily reworked by wave energy 00:00:49 or tidal energy so the primary way to 00:00:52 identify Delta deposits is to look for 00:00:54 that mixture of fluvial sedimentary 00:00:56 indicators such as ripples or Dunes 00:00:58 along with wave or tidal sedimentary 00:01:01 indicators such as wave ripples haky or 00:01:03 swy cross stratification flazer bedding 00:01:06 inclined heterolithic Etc but what else 00:01:09 could we use to tell that we might be 00:01:11 looking at a Delta well in a Delta the 00:01:14 river typically branches into multiple 00:01:16 channels called distributary channels 00:01:18 and sand is deposited as a bar at the 00:01:20 mouth of each of those called a 00:01:22 distributary mouth bar there's a lot of 00:01:25 complexity in these bars from the 00:01:26 density contrast of the water the 00:01:28 frictional interaction and the flu 00:01:30 discharge but the key feature of 00:01:32 distributary mouth bars is the rapid 00:01:34 deposition of large amounts of sediment 00:01:37 because the river water rapidly slows 00:01:39 down when it hits the standing Ocean or 00:01:41 lake water so the rapid deceleration of 00:01:45 that river water and the resulting 00:01:46 energy loss both lead to Rapid 00:01:49 sedimentation this is similar to what 00:01:50 you learned about flow stripping in 00:01:52 submarine fans so mouth bars form 00:01:55 primarily from unidirectional flow so 00:01:57 they can contain dunes and ripples but 00:01:59 the rapid deposition also means you 00:02:01 might see climbing ripples in the mouth 00:02:03 bar the bar may also contain erosional 00:02:06 surfaces called reactivation surfaces 00:02:08 within it because it forms during 00:02:11 occasional high energy flood of it but 00:02:13 this is sort of key feature one if you 00:02:15 see climbing ripples that could Point 00:02:17 towards a Delta environment as opposed 00:02:19 to a regular fluvial or some other kind 00:02:22 of shallow 00:02:23 environment another important difference 00:02:25 is that Deltas tend to have steeper 00:02:27 slopes than a normal shallow Marine inv 00:02:29 environment does although the diagram at 00:02:32 the top here is really exaggerated 00:02:34 Deltas have this large scale Bed 00:02:35 geometry called a kinof form a sigmoidal 00:02:38 or s-shaped shape with a flatter top set 00:02:41 beds at the top a steeper for set 00:02:44 shallowing out toe sets and a fairly 00:02:46 flat bottom set that merges with the 00:02:48 underlying layers in reality these kinof 00:02:51 forms dip at just a couple degrees as sh 00:02:53 in the photo where the yellow lines 00:02:55 Trace horizontal beds at the base and 00:02:57 the top and between that you can see 00:02:59 these very gently dipping forets in the 00:03:02 Delta front so because of the 00:03:04 potentially steeper slopes you can 00:03:06 potentially find convolute bedding or 00:03:09 even larger slumps in the deeper parts 00:03:11 of Deltas such as the Delta front or the 00:03:13 pro Delta High sedimentation rates near 00:03:16 the rivermouth also promote slope 00:03:18 instability because the rapidly 00:03:20 accumulating sediment doesn't have time 00:03:21 to Compact and it's really water R this 00:03:25 kind of soft sediment deformation really 00:03:27 doesn't occur often in other Coastal 00:03:29 environments so that if it's present 00:03:31 that should be another good marker that 00:03:33 you might be in a Delta 00:03:35 situation another key aspect of Deltas 00:03:38 is that the river water can push 00:03:39 offshore especially during floods 00:03:42 causing unidirectional flow in the 00:03:44 Marine Delta front environment these 00:03:46 plumes of water are categorized by their 00:03:49 density with the hypop picol plumes 00:03:52 having a density less than sea water and 00:03:54 the hyper picol plumes having a density 00:03:56 greater than seawat because seawat is 00:03:59 salty and river water is fresh normal 00:04:01 River flow if it contains not a lot of 00:04:03 sediment is hypop pical and it spreads 00:04:06 out along the water surface as it 00:04:09 spreads there's friction with the ocean 00:04:11 water so it loses energy and gradually 00:04:13 deposits sediment from suspension 00:04:15 leading to a fairly continuous rain of 00:04:17 hemipelagic sediment but when the river 00:04:20 floods in contrast it's it can be 00:04:22 carrying a huge sediment load so in fact 00:04:24 can be denser than seawater or hyper 00:04:27 picol when that's the case this plume of 00:04:30 water in sediment can flow as a 00:04:32 turbulent sediment gravity flow 00:04:34 basically a turbidity current down the 00:04:36 slope and as these flows lose energy 00:04:40 they deposit their sediment from 00:04:42 suspension CS with a modification by 00:04:46 traction so these hyper pical flows 00:04:49 deposit thin normally graded beds just 00:04:52 like a turb turbidite because they are 00:04:53 turbulent flows depositing suspended 00:04:55 sediment by unhindered settling it can 00:04:58 be interbedded with the Hem iic deposits 00:05:01 from the hypop pical 00:05:03 plutons well because there's 00:05:04 unidirectional flow these Delta front 00:05:07 environments which might have these 00:05:09 these hyper pical deposits could also 00:05:11 have current ripples in them which again 00:05:14 otherwise don't really occur in Shallow 00:05:15 Marine settings so current ripples in 00:05:19 otherwise a marine environment could 00:05:21 also be a good indicator that you're in 00:05:23 a setting influence by a 00:05:25 Delta so the clues for a broader Delta 00:05:29 type setting include unidirectional 00:05:31 ripples in a marine environment possibly 00:05:34 including climbing ripples closer to the 00:05:35 mouth bar and the potential for soft 00:05:38 sediment deformation but let's dig into 00:05:40 more specific Delta sub environments the 00:05:43 Deep submarine Pro Delta the shallower 00:05:46 submarine Delta front and the largely 00:05:49 above waterer Delta 00:05:51 plane the prod Delta is the deepest part 00:05:54 of the Delta below the influence of 00:05:56 waves or tides and because it's far from 00:05:59 the sediment and the energy source it's 00:06:01 characterized by very fine grain faces 00:06:03 in fact the pro Delta will often 00:06:05 resemble regular offshore faes and might 00:06:08 be very difficult to tell apart but 00:06:11 again you might have graded deposits 00:06:13 from hyper pical plumes and also the 00:06:16 potential for soft sediment deformation 00:06:18 those might be your only clues that a 00:06:20 Delta and if you don't see those it can 00:06:22 be very hard without seeing the 00:06:24 overlying sediments to identify that 00:06:26 you're in a prod Delta and not a regular 00:06:29 offshore 00:06:30 environment Delta faes always prograde 00:06:34 or to say another way the shoreline 00:06:35 shift in Deltas is always regressive so 00:06:38 the pro Delta will be overlin by Delta 00:06:40 front sediments the Delta front is a 00:06:43 more proximal environment so it's corer 00:06:45 grain than the pro Delta is as a result 00:06:49 Delta successions are pretty much always 00:06:51 coarsening 00:06:52 upwards because the Delta front is above 00:06:55 wave base there might also be some 00:06:57 signals of wave or tidal influence so 00:07:00 you might see sedimentary structures 00:07:01 like wave ripples or hcky cross 00:07:03 edification or bidirectional crossbeds 00:07:06 in a in a tidal setting um in addition 00:07:09 to the possibility of current ripples or 00:07:11 even climbing ripples in the shallower 00:07:13 part hyper pical plume deposits and 00:07:16 potentially soft sediment deformation in 00:07:19 some 00:07:20 Deltas finally the mostly sub areial 00:07:23 part of the Delta is called the Delta 00:07:25 plane in a river dominated Delta it 00:07:28 includes the river distributary channels 00:07:30 and the shallow Bays between those 00:07:31 channels called interdistributary 00:07:34 Bays the distributary channel deposits 00:07:36 themselves should be coar grained 00:07:38 they'll often look a lot like regular 00:07:40 fluvial deposits and and may be 00:07:43 difficult to distinguish uh unless you 00:07:45 see some kind of marine influence from 00:07:48 from waves or or 00:07:49 tides and The interdistributary Bays 00:07:52 between the channels are often have 00:07:54 quite variable sediments and may even be 00:07:57 cyclical as they fill with sediment and 00:07:59 then become abandoned and 00:08:01 subside so an interdistributary Bay 00:08:03 might begin for example where the red 00:08:05 arrow is shown in the figure there um 00:08:07 with Marine mudstones perhaps with a lot 00:08:10 of terrestrial organic material from 00:08:12 from plants and swampy material um and 00:08:15 might end up as they fill up in the 00:08:17 yellow arrow as terrestrial almost 00:08:19 terrestrial swamps that form potentially 00:08:22 coal deposits or or have a lot of 00:08:24 organic material um there also are 00:08:27 likely to be things that look a lot like 00:08:29 crass blade deposits within this 00:08:31 environment from uh when the river 00:08:33 floods uh this is similar to what you 00:08:35 might expect in a Meandering fluvial 00:08:38 overbank 00:08:40 environment so I said before that Deltas 00:08:42 are typically coarsening upward 00:08:44 successions but here's one point of 00:08:46 caution the Delta plane might actually 00:08:49 be significantly finer grain than the 00:08:52 Delta front in these interdistributary 00:08:54 Bay environments even though the Delta 00:08:56 plane is a shallower or more proximal 00:08:59 setting 00:09:02 although rivers are the things that 00:09:03 Supply the sediment to the Deltas the 00:09:05 energy can come from fluvial wave or 00:09:07 tidal processes or a combination of 00:09:10 those in a very wave influence Delta the 00:09:14 distributary mouth bars that form from 00:09:15 the river are heavily reworked by the 00:09:18 waves into Shore parallel linear sand 00:09:21 ridges that look a lot like beach 00:09:23 deposits or Shore phase 00:09:25 deposits right so in this type of Delta 00:09:27 the Delta plane made be very difficult 00:09:30 to tell apart from a beach or a shace 00:09:33 maybe there will be some fluvial 00:09:35 influence perhaps you will see some 00:09:37 current Ripple uh some unidirectional 00:09:39 current ripples um but you might need to 00:09:41 consider the context provided by the 00:09:43 facy succession especially what is 00:09:46 underneath the Delta the Delta plane uh 00:09:49 if you can recognize underlying Pro 00:09:52 Delta and Delta front sediments that 00:09:54 coarsen up this really wave influence um 00:09:57 deposit at the top you might be able to 00:09:59 recognize it as a Delta 00:10:01 deposit and similarly in tied dominated 00:10:04 Deltas the mouth bars can be reworked 00:10:06 into these more Shore perpendicular 00:10:08 elongated sand bodies in this situation 00:10:12 the Delta plane may look similar to 00:10:14 Tidal flats or tidal Estuary faces with 00:10:17 bidirectional crossbeds or phaser 00:10:19 bedding inclined heterolithic 00:10:21 stratification in in the in the 00:10:23 distributary channels and things like 00:10:25 that so again the context provided by 00:10:27 the overall faes success session 00:10:30 especially the underlying units might be 00:10:32 your best clue if it's a very strongly 00:10:34 tidy influenced Delta Delta plane 00:10:39 environment so one final note of caution 00:10:41 as you consider the sequence strator 00:10:43 graphic context of 00:10:45 Deltas like Meandering fluvial and 00:10:48 submarine fan lobes Deltas especially 00:10:50 the Delta plane part can have strong 00:10:53 inherent 00:10:54 cyclicity regardless of what base level 00:10:57 is doing so the active Delta to lobe 00:11:00 will prograde outward and accumulate 00:11:02 sediment but eventually the river 00:11:04 channel will switch location in a 00:11:06 process called evulsion and that initial 00:11:09 lobe becomes abandoned the abandoned 00:11:11 lobe no longer receives sediment so it 00:11:13 subsides primarily due to the compaction 00:11:16 of the original sediment back into a 00:11:18 marine environment um and then the river 00:11:21 will evulse again and the cycle can 00:11:22 repeat so be very cautious about 00:11:24 interpreting Cycles especially in the 00:11:26 Delta plane um it's probably best to 00:11:30 interpret them as normal lobe switching 00:11:32 unless you have specific evidence that 00:11:35 these are allocyclic base level Cycles 00:11:39 um because Deltas just have this 00:11:41 inherent cyclicity um that will create 00:11:44 cyclical deposits regardless of what
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*Abstract:* This video provides an introduction to Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMEMs), an extension of traditional linear models designed for data with complex sampling designs or hierarchical structures, where observations are not independent. The discussion clarifies the distinction between "fixed effects" (variables of primary interest with specific, exhaustive categories) and "random effects" (variables representing samples from a larger population, used to account for non-independence and variability). The video explains how LMEMs work, particularly using Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML), and details various random effect structures, including varying intercepts, varying slopes, and both nested and crossed effects. Crucially, it emphasizes the importance of rigorous model validation through residual plots and diagnostic checks. Finally, it addresses practical considerations like the number of random effect levels, collinearity, model convergence, and the benefits of centering and standardizing variables. The video concludes by highlighting LMEMs' advantages in controlling for non-independence and improving prediction through "partial pooling" or "shrinkage," while cautioning about their inherent complexity requiring thorough understanding of the data and study design. *Understanding Linear Mixed Effects Models: Concepts, Application, and Validation* * *0:00 Introduction to LMEMs:* Linear Mixed Effects Models extend linear regression to handle data from complicated sampling designs or data structures where observations are nested or grouped, leading to non-independence. * *0:40 Addressing Non-Homogeneity:* Traditional linear models assume data comes from a homogeneous group; LMEMs are designed for situations where data is structured into subgroups, and variation might exist both within and between these groups. * *1:12 Fixed vs. Random Effects:* * *Fixed Effects:* Categories are specifically chosen, exhaustive, or of direct interest (e.g., specific treatment types). * *Random Effects:* Categories are a sample from a larger population, primarily used to control for non-independence or when variability across groups, rather than specific group differences, is the focus (e.g., individual subjects, different labs). * *2:43 Decision Criteria:* The choice between fixed and random effects depends on the research question and the experimental design; there's no single objective rule. * *4:22 How LMEMs Work (REML):* LMEMs, particularly in R's `lme4` package, use Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) estimation. They assume that both residuals and the random effects (intercepts and/or slopes) are normally distributed. * *5:10 Modeling Random Effects Structures:* * *Varying Intercepts:* Each group has its own intercept, but all share the same slope (`(1|group)`). * *Varying Slopes:* Each group has its own slope, but all share the same intercept (`(0+variable|group)`). * *Varying Intercepts and Slopes:* Each group has its own intercept and slope. These can be modeled as correlated (most common, `(variable|group)`) or uncorrelated. * *6:38 Complex Designs: Nested & Crossed Effects:* * *Nested Random Effects:* One random effect's levels only occur within specific levels of another (e.g., students within classrooms: `(1|classroom/student)`). * *Crossed Random Effects:* Levels of different random effects appear together (e.g., subjects responding to different stimuli: `(1|subject) + (1|stimulus)`). * *8:16 Critical Model Validation:* It is essential to check if the model adequately describes the data. This involves: * Plotting residuals versus fitted values (should show no pattern, centered at zero). * Plotting residuals for each random effect group. * Checking the normality of residuals and the distributions of random effect intercepts and slopes. * *10:18 Important Considerations and Cautions:* * *Number of Levels:* Random effects generally require many levels (ideally 5-6 or more) for accurate estimation; otherwise, they might be better treated as fixed effects. * *Collinearity:* Highly correlated independent variables can complicate interpretation and model fit. * *Model Specification:* Correctly defining the random effect structure (varying intercepts/slopes, nesting/crossing) is crucial. * *Convergence Issues:* Warning messages about convergence or "boundary fit" indicate potential model issues that require investigation (e.g., simplifying the random structure, centering variables). * *12:43 Benefits of Centering and Standardizing:* Subtracting the mean (centering) and dividing by the standard deviation (standardizing) of independent variables can help model convergence and improve the interpretability and comparability of coefficients. * *14:21 Interpreting LMEM Results:* Output includes variance components (variance explained by random effects and residuals) and fixed effect coefficients. Notably, `lme4` typically does not provide p-values for fixed effects directly; confidence intervals are used instead to assess effect size and precision. * *16:11 Core Advantages:* LMEMs are powerful for handling non-independence in data and for improving prediction. * *17:02 Partial Pooling (Shrinkage):* A key advantage is "partial pooling," where information from the overall population helps inform estimates for individual groups, especially those with small sample sizes, leading to more robust and less extreme group-specific estimates. * *18:08 Conclusion:* While powerful, LMEMs are complex and require a deep understanding of the data, study design, and underlying assumptions for correct application and interpretation. I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript. Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0064 Input tokens: 14480 Output tokens: 1206
Abstract:
This video provides an introduction to Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMEMs), an extension of traditional linear models designed for data with complex sampling designs or hierarchical structures, where observations are not independent. The discussion clarifies the distinction between "fixed effects" (variables of primary interest with specific, exhaustive categories) and "random effects" (variables representing samples from a larger population, used to account for non-independence and variability). The video explains how LMEMs work, particularly using Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML), and details various random effect structures, including varying intercepts, varying slopes, and both nested and crossed effects. Crucially, it emphasizes the importance of rigorous model validation through residual plots and diagnostic checks. Finally, it addresses practical considerations like the number of random effect levels, collinearity, model convergence, and the benefits of centering and standardizing variables. The video concludes by highlighting LMEMs' advantages in controlling for non-independence and improving prediction through "partial pooling" or "shrinkage," while cautioning about their inherent complexity requiring thorough understanding of the data and study design.
Understanding Linear Mixed Effects Models: Concepts, Application, and Validation
Below, I will provide input for an example video (comprising of title, description, and transcript, in this order) and the corresponding abstract and summary I expect. Afterward, I will provide a new transcript that I want you to summarize in the same format. **Please give an abstract of the transcript and then summarize the transcript in a self-contained bullet list format.** Include starting timestamps, important details and key takeaways. Example Input: Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Subscribed 369 Share Download Clip Save 5,857 views Aug 26, 2024 Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g... Ebay listings: https://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/mikeselect... Merch https://mikeselectricstuff.creator-sp... Transcript Follow along using the transcript. Show transcript mikeselectricstuff 131K subscribers Videos About Support on Patreon 40 Comments @robertwatsonbath 6 hours ago Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to. 1 Reply @Muonium1 9 hours ago The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths. 4 Reply 1 reply @tafsirnahian669 10 hours ago (edited) Can this be used as an astrophotography camera? Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 6 hours ago Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout Reply @2010craggy 11 hours ago Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel. 1 Reply @vitukz 12 hours ago A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it 2 Reply @RobertGallop 19 hours ago That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps! Reply @Prophes0r 19 hours ago I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source. Very clever. 6 Reply @OneBiOzZ 20 hours ago given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it 9 Reply @tekvax01 21 hours ago $20 thousand dollars per minute of run time! 1 Reply @tekvax01 22 hours ago "We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park. *(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!) Reply @florianf4257 22 hours ago The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun). 12 Reply mikeselectricstuff · 1 reply @mikeselectricstuff 12 hours ago I didn't think of that, but makes sense 2 Reply @douro20 22 hours ago (edited) The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam. 1 Reply @RicoElectrico 23 hours ago PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet. Reply @dcallan812 23 hours ago Very interesting. 2x Reply @littleboot_ 1 day ago Cool interesting device Reply @dav1dbone 1 day ago I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy? Reply @kevywevvy8833 1 day ago ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights. 1 Reply 1 reply @bill6255 1 day ago Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho 3 Reply @JAKOB1977 1 day ago (edited) The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums. Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels) Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V) Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V) 61.3 mm (Diagonal), 645 1.1x Optical Format Aspect Ratio 4:3 Horizontal Outputs 4 Saturation Signal 40.3 ke− Output Sensitivity 31 V/e− Quantum Efficiency KAF−50100−CAA KAF−50100−AAA KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens) 22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B) 25% 62% Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e− Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2 Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB Estimated Linear Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 69.3 dB Charge Transfer Efficiency Horizontal Vertical 0.999995 0.999999 Blooming Protection (4 ms Exposure Time) 800X Saturation Exposure Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz Package Ceramic PGA Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or Clear Glass Features • TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode for High Sensitivity • Ultra-High Resolution • Board Dynamic Range • Low Noise Architecture • Large Active Imaging Area Applications • Digitization • Mapping/Aerial • Photography • Scientific Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy Reply @martinalooksatthings 1 day ago 15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh 8 Reply @RhythmGamer 1 day ago Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix 1 Reply @dine9093 1 day ago (edited) Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there? 2 Reply @NickNorton 1 day ago Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting. 5 Reply @KeritechElectronics 1 day ago Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty! 1 Reply @YSoreil 1 day ago The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild. 2 Reply @snik2pl 1 day ago That leds look like from led projector Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago TDI = Time Domain Integration ? 1 Reply @wolpumba4099 1 day ago (edited) Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout. From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle i guess it would be good for astrophotography 4 Reply @txm100 1 day ago (edited) Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped! 9 Reply @vincei4252 1 day ago That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper. 1 Reply @MRooodddvvv 1 day ago yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff ! 4 Reply 1 reply @NoPegs 1 day ago He lives! 11 Reply 1 reply Transcript 0:00 so I've stripped all the bits of the 0:01 optical system so basically we've got 0:03 the uh the camera 0:05 itself which is mounted on this uh very 0:09 complex 0:10 adjustment thing which obviously to set 0:13 you the various tilt and uh alignment 0:15 stuff then there's two of these massive 0:18 lenses I've taken one of these apart I 0:20 think there's something like about eight 0:22 or nine Optical elements in here these 0:25 don't seem to do a great deal in terms 0:26 of electr magnification they're obiously 0:28 just about getting the image to where it 0:29 uh where it needs to be just so that 0:33 goes like that then this Optical block I 0:36 originally thought this was made of some 0:37 s crazy heavy material but it's just 0:39 really the sum of all these Optical bits 0:41 are just ridiculously heavy those lenses 0:43 are about 4 kilos each and then there's 0:45 this very heavy very solid um piece that 0:47 goes in the middle and this is so this 0:49 is the filter wheel assembly with a 0:51 hilariously oversized steper 0:53 motor driving this wheel with these very 0:57 large narrow band filters so we've got 1:00 various different shades of uh 1:03 filters there five Al together that 1:06 one's actually just showing up a silver 1:07 that's actually a a red but fairly low 1:10 transmission orangey red blue green 1:15 there's an excess cover on this side so 1:16 the filters can be accessed and changed 1:19 without taking anything else apart even 1:21 this is like ridiculous it's like solid 1:23 aluminium this is just basically a cover 1:25 the actual wavelengths of these are um 1:27 488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what 1:32 the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh 1:34 the width of the spectral line say these 1:37 are very narrow band filters most of 1:39 them are you very little light through 1:41 so it's still very tight narrow band to 1:43 match the um fluoresence of the dies 1:45 they're using in the biochemical process 1:48 and obviously to reject the light that's 1:49 being fired at it from that Illuminator 1:51 box and then there's a there's a second 1:53 one of these lenses then the actual sort 1:55 of samples below that so uh very serious 1:58 amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics 2:01 okay let's take a look at this light 2:02 source made by company Lumen Dynamics 2:04 who are now part of 2:06 excelitas self-contained unit power 2:08 connector USB and this which one of the 2:11 Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface 2:14 USB wasn't used in uh the fluid 2:17 application output here and I think this 2:19 is an input for um light feedback I 2:21 don't if it's regulated or just a measur 2:23 measurement facility and the uh fiber 2:27 assembly 2:29 Square Inlet there and then there's two 2:32 outputs which have uh lens assemblies 2:35 and this small one which goes back into 2:37 that small Port just Loops out of here 2:40 straight back in So on this side we've 2:42 got the electronics which look pretty 2:44 straightforward we've got a bit of power 2:45 supply stuff over here and we've got 2:48 separate drivers for each wavelength now 2:50 interesting this is clearly been very 2:52 specifically made for this application 2:54 you I was half expecting like say some 2:56 generic drivers that could be used for a 2:58 number of different things but actually 3:00 literally specified the exact wavelength 3:02 on the PCB there is provision here for 3:04 385 NM which isn't populated but this is 3:07 clearly been designed very specifically 3:09 so these four drivers look the same but 3:10 then there's two higher power ones for 3:12 575 and 3:14 520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this 3:16 575 section there a p 24 which is 3:20 providing USB interface USB isolator the 3:23 USB interface just presents as a comport 3:26 I did have a quick look but I didn't 3:27 actually get anything sensible um I did 3:29 dump the Pi code out and there's a few 3:31 you a few sort of commands that you 3:32 could see in text but I didn't actually 3:34 manage to get it working properly I 3:36 found some software for related version 3:38 but it didn't seem to want to talk to it 3:39 but um I say that wasn't used for the 3:41 original application it might be quite 3:42 interesting to get try and get the Run 3:44 hours count out of it and the TTL 3:46 interface looks fairly straightforward 3:48 we've got positions for six opto 3:50 isolators but only five five are 3:52 installed so that corresponds with the 3:54 unused thing so I think this hopefully 3:56 should be as simple as just providing a 3:57 ttrl signal for each color to uh enable 4:00 it a big heat sink here which is there I 4:03 think there's like a big S of metal 4:04 plate through the middle of this that 4:05 all the leads are mounted on the other 4:07 side so this is heat sinking it with a 4:09 air flow from a uh just a fan in here 4:13 obviously don't have the air flow 4:14 anywhere near the Optics so conduction 4:17 cool through to this plate that's then 4:18 uh air cooled got some pots which are 4:21 presumably power 4:22 adjustments okay let's take a look at 4:24 the other side which is uh much more 4:27 interesting see we've got some uh very 4:31 uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there 4:35 a bunch of leads so we've got one here 4:37 475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520 4:44 filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to 4:48 see what's white is if we just shine 4:49 some white light through 4:51 here not sure how it is is to see on the 4:54 camera but shining white light we do 4:55 actually get a bit of red a bit of blue 4:57 some yellow here so the obstacle path 5:00 575 it goes sort of here bounces off 5:03 this mirror and goes out the 520 goes 5:07 sort of down here across here and up 5:09 there 630 goes basically straight 5:13 through 5:15 430 goes across there down there along 5:17 there and the 475 goes down here and 5:20 left this is the light sensing thing 5:22 think here there's just a um I think 5:24 there a photo diode or other sensor 5:26 haven't actually taken that off and 5:28 everything's fixed down to this chunk of 5:31 aluminium which acts as the heat 5:32 spreader that then conducts the heat to 5:33 the back side for the heat 5:35 sink and the actual lead packages all 5:38 look fairly similar except for this one 5:41 on the 575 which looks quite a bit more 5:44 substantial big spay 5:46 Terminals and the interface for this 5:48 turned out to be extremely simple it's 5:50 literally a 5V TTL level to enable each 5:54 color doesn't seem to be any tensity 5:56 control but there are some additional 5:58 pins on that connector that weren't used 5:59 in the through time thing so maybe 6:01 there's some extra lines that control 6:02 that I couldn't find any data on this uh 6:05 unit and the um their current product 6:07 range is quite significantly different 6:09 so we've got the uh blue these 6:13 might may well be saturating the camera 6:16 so they might look a bit weird so that's 6:17 the 430 6:18 blue the 575 6:24 yellow uh 6:26 475 light blue 6:29 the uh 520 6:31 green and the uh 630 red now one 6:36 interesting thing I noticed for the 6:39 575 it's actually it's actually using a 6:42 white lead and then filtering it rather 6:44 than using all the other ones are using 6:46 leads which are the fundamental colors 6:47 but uh this is actually doing white and 6:50 it's a combination of this filter and 6:52 the dichroic mirrors that are turning to 6:55 Yellow if we take the filter out and a 6:57 lot of the a lot of the um blue content 7:00 is going this way the red is going 7:02 straight through these two mirrors so 7:05 this is clearly not reflecting much of 7:08 that so we end up with the yellow coming 7:10 out of uh out of there which is a fairly 7:14 light yellow color which you don't 7:16 really see from high intensity leads so 7:19 that's clearly why they've used the 7:20 white to uh do this power consumption of 7:23 the white is pretty high so going up to 7:25 about 2 and 1 half amps on that color 7:27 whereas most of the other colors are 7:28 only drawing half an amp or so at 24 7:30 volts the uh the green is up to about 7:32 1.2 but say this thing is uh much 7:35 brighter and if you actually run all the 7:38 colors at the same time you get a fairly 7:41 reasonable um looking white coming out 7:43 of it and one thing you might just be 7:45 out to notice is there is some sort 7:46 color banding around here that's not 7:49 getting uh everything s completely 7:51 concentric and I think that's where this 7:53 fiber optic thing comes 7:58 in I'll 8:00 get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped 8:04 very sort of uniform color and looking 8:06 at What's um inside here we've basically 8:09 just got this Square Rod so this is 8:12 clearly yeah the lights just bouncing 8:13 off all the all the various sides to um 8:16 get a nice uniform illumination uh this 8:19 back bit looks like it's all potted so 8:21 nothing I really do to get in there I 8:24 think this is fiber so I have come 8:26 across um cables like this which are 8:27 liquid fill but just looking through the 8:30 end of this it's probably a bit hard to 8:31 see it does look like there fiber ends 8:34 going going on there and so there's this 8:36 feedback thing which is just obviously 8:39 compensating for the any light losses 8:41 through here to get an accurate 8:43 representation of uh the light that's 8:45 been launched out of these two 8:47 fibers and you see uh 8:49 these have got this sort of trapezium 8:54 shape light guides again it's like a 8:56 sort of acrylic or glass light guide 9:00 guess projected just to make the right 9:03 rectangular 9:04 shape and look at this Center assembly 9:07 um the light output doesn't uh change 9:10 whether you feed this in or not so it's 9:11 clear not doing any internal Clos Loop 9:14 control obviously there may well be some 9:16 facility for it to do that but it's not 9:17 being used in this 9:19 application and so this output just 9:21 produces a voltage on the uh outle 9:24 connector proportional to the amount of 9:26 light that's present so there's a little 9:28 diffuser in the back there 9:30 and then there's just some kind of uh 9:33 Optical sensor looks like a 9:35 chip looking at the lead it's a very 9:37 small package on the PCB with this lens 9:40 assembly over the top and these look 9:43 like they're actually on a copper 9:44 Metalized PCB for maximum thermal 9:47 performance and yeah it's a very small 9:49 package looks like it's a ceramic 9:51 package and there's a thermister there 9:53 for temperature monitoring this is the 9:56 475 blue one this is the 520 need to 9:59 Green which is uh rather different OB 10:02 it's a much bigger D with lots of bond 10:04 wise but also this looks like it's using 10:05 a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it 10:08 lights up green so this is actually a 10:10 phosphor conversion green lead which 10:12 I've I've come across before they want 10:15 that specific wavelength so they may be 10:17 easier to tune a phosphor than tune the 10:20 um semiconductor material to get the uh 10:23 right right wavelength from the lead 10:24 directly uh red 630 similar size to the 10:28 blue one or does seem to have a uh a 10:31 lens on top of it there is a sort of red 10:33 coloring to 10:35 the die but that doesn't appear to be 10:38 fluorescent as far as I can 10:39 tell and the white one again a little 10:41 bit different sort of much higher 10:43 current 10:46 connectors a makeer name on that 10:48 connector flot light not sure if that's 10:52 the connector or the lead 10:54 itself and obviously with the phosphor 10:56 and I'd imagine that phosphor may well 10:58 be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5 11:01 cenm and actually this white one looks 11:04 like a St fairly standard product I just 11:06 found it in Mouse made by luminous 11:09 devices in fact actually I think all 11:11 these are based on various luminous 11:13 devices modules and they're you take 11:17 looks like they taking the nearest 11:18 wavelength and then just using these 11:19 filters to clean it up to get a precise 11:22 uh spectral line out of it so quite a 11:25 nice neat and um extreme 11:30 bright light source uh sure I've got any 11:33 particular use for it so I think this 11:35 might end up on 11:36 eBay but uh very pretty to look out and 11:40 without the uh risk of burning your eyes 11:43 out like you do with lasers so I thought 11:45 it would be interesting to try and 11:46 figure out the runtime of this things 11:48 like this we usually keep some sort 11:49 record of runtime cuz leads degrade over 11:51 time I couldn't get any software to work 11:52 through the USB face but then had a 11:54 thought probably going to be writing the 11:55 runtime periodically to the e s prom so 11:58 I just just scope up that and noticed it 12:00 was doing right every 5 minutes so I 12:02 just ran it for a while periodically 12:04 reading the E squ I just held the pick 12:05 in in reset and um put clip over to read 12:07 the square prom and found it was writing 12:10 one location per color every 5 minutes 12:12 so if one color was on it would write 12:14 that location every 5 minutes and just 12:16 increment it by one so after doing a few 12:18 tests with different colors of different 12:19 time periods it looked extremely 12:21 straightforward it's like a four bite 12:22 count for each color looking at the 12:24 original data that was in it all the 12:26 colors apart from Green were reading 12:28 zero and the green was reading four 12:30 indicating a total 20 minutes run time 12:32 ever if it was turned on run for a short 12:34 time then turned off that might not have 12:36 been counted but even so indicates this 12:37 thing wasn't used a great deal the whole 12:40 s process of doing a run can be several 12:42 hours but it'll only be doing probably 12:43 the Imaging at the end of that so you 12:46 wouldn't expect to be running for a long 12:47 time but say a single color for 20 12:50 minutes over its whole lifetime does 12:52 seem a little bit on the low side okay 12:55 let's look at the camera un fortunately 12:57 I managed to not record any sound when I 12:58 did this it's also a couple of months 13:00 ago so there's going to be a few details 13:02 that I've forgotten so I'm just going to 13:04 dub this over the original footage so um 13:07 take the lid off see this massive great 13:10 heat sink so this is a pel cool camera 13:12 we've got this blower fan producing a 13:14 fair amount of air flow through 13:16 it the connector here there's the ccds 13:19 mounted on the board on the 13:24 right this unplugs so we've got a bit of 13:27 power supply stuff on here 13:29 USB interface I think that's the Cyprus 13:32 microcontroller High speeded USB 13:34 interface there's a zyink spon fpga some 13:40 RAM and there's a couple of ATD 13:42 converters can't quite read what those 13:45 those are but anal 13:47 devices um little bit of bodgery around 13:51 here extra decoupling obviously they 13:53 have having some noise issues this is 13:55 around the ram chip quite a lot of extra 13:57 capacitors been added there 13:59 uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior 14:01 to the HD converter buffers or Andor 14:05 amplifiers taking the CCD 14:08 signal um bit more power spy stuff here 14:11 this is probably all to do with 14:12 generating the various CCD bias voltages 14:14 they uh need quite a lot of exotic 14:18 voltages next board down is just a 14:20 shield and an interconnect 14:24 boardly shielding the power supply stuff 14:26 from some the more sensitive an log 14:28 stuff 14:31 and this is the bottom board which is 14:32 just all power supply 14:34 stuff as you can see tons of capacitors 14:37 or Transformer in 14:42 there and this is the CCD which is a uh 14:47 very impressive thing this is a kf50 100 14:50 originally by true sense then codec 14:53 there ON 14:54 Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the 14:58 only price I could find was this one 15:00 5,000 bucks and the architecture you can 15:03 see there actually two separate halves 15:04 which explains the Dual AZ converters 15:06 and two amplifiers it's literally split 15:08 down the middle and duplicated so it's 15:10 outputting two streams in parallel just 15:13 to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's 15:15 got this amazing um diffraction effects 15:18 it's got micro lenses over the pixel so 15:20 there's there's a bit more Optics going 15:22 on than on a normal 15:25 sensor few more bodges on the CCD board 15:28 including this wire which isn't really 15:29 tacked down very well which is a bit uh 15:32 bit of a mess quite a few bits around 15:34 this board where they've uh tacked 15:36 various bits on which is not super 15:38 impressive looks like CCD drivers on the 15:40 left with those 3 ohm um damping 15:43 resistors on the 15:47 output get a few more little bodges 15:50 around here some of 15:52 the and there's this separator the 15:54 silica gel to keep the moisture down but 15:56 there's this separator that actually 15:58 appears to be cut from piece of 15:59 antistatic 16:04 bag and this sort of thermal block on 16:06 top of this stack of three pel Cola 16:12 modules so as with any Stacks they get 16:16 um larger as they go back towards the 16:18 heat sink because each P's got to not 16:20 only take the heat from the previous but 16:21 also the waste heat which is quite 16:27 significant you see a little temperature 16:29 sensor here that copper block which 16:32 makes contact with the back of the 16:37 CCD and this's the back of the 16:40 pelas this then contacts the heat sink 16:44 on the uh rear there a few thermal pads 16:46 as well for some of the other power 16:47 components on this 16:51 PCB okay I've connected this uh camera 16:54 up I found some drivers on the disc that 16:56 seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't 16:58 get to install under Windows 11 though 17:01 um in the absence of any sort of lens or 17:03 being bothered to the proper amount I've 17:04 just put some f over it and put a little 17:06 pin in there to make a pinhole lens and 17:08 software gives a few options I'm not 17:11 entirely sure what all these are there's 17:12 obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low 17:15 gain and with PFG no idea what that is 17:19 something something game programmable 17:20 Something game perhaps ver exposure 17:23 types I think focus is just like a 17:25 continuous grab until you tell it to 17:27 stop not entirely sure all these options 17:30 are obviously exposure time uh triggers 17:33 there ex external hardware trigger inut 17:35 you just trigger using a um thing on 17:37 screen so the resolution is 8176 by 17:40 6132 and you can actually bin those 17:42 where you combine multiple pixels to get 17:46 increased gain at the expense of lower 17:48 resolution down this is a 10sec exposure 17:51 obviously of the pin hole it's very uh 17:53 intensitive so we just stand still now 17:56 downloading it there's the uh exposure 17:59 so when it's 18:01 um there's a little status thing down 18:03 here so that tells you the um exposure 18:07 [Applause] 18:09 time it's this is just it 18:15 downloading um it is quite I'm seeing 18:18 quite a lot like smearing I think that I 18:20 don't know whether that's just due to 18:21 pixels overloading or something else I 18:24 mean yeah it's not it's not um out of 18:26 the question that there's something not 18:27 totally right about this camera 18:28 certainly was bodge wise on there um I 18:31 don't I'd imagine a camera like this 18:32 it's got a fairly narrow range of 18:34 intensities that it's happy with I'm not 18:36 going to spend a great deal of time on 18:38 this if you're interested in this camera 18:40 maybe for astronomy or something and 18:42 happy to sort of take the risk of it may 18:44 not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll 18:47 stick this on eBay along with the 18:48 Illuminator I'll put a link down in the 18:50 description to the listing take your 18:52 chances to grab a bargain so for example 18:54 here we see this vertical streaking so 18:56 I'm not sure how normal that is this is 18:58 on fairly bright scene looking out the 19:02 window if I cut the exposure time down 19:04 on that it's now 1 second 19:07 exposure again most of the image 19:09 disappears again this is looks like it's 19:11 possibly over still overloading here go 19:14 that go down to say say quarter a 19:16 second so again I think there might be 19:19 some Auto gain control going on here um 19:21 this is with the PFG option let's try 19:23 turning that off and see what 19:25 happens so I'm not sure this is actually 19:27 more streaking or which just it's 19:29 cranked up the gain all the dis display 19:31 gray scale to show what um you know the 19:33 range of things that it's captured 19:36 there's one of one of 12 things in the 19:38 software there's um you can see of you 19:40 can't seem to read out the temperature 19:42 of the pelta cooler but you can set the 19:44 temperature and if you said it's a 19:46 different temperature you see the power 19:48 consumption jump up running the cooler 19:50 to get the temperature you requested but 19:52 I can't see anything anywhere that tells 19:54 you whether the cool is at the at the 19:56 temperature other than the power 19:57 consumption going down and there's no 19:59 temperature read out 20:03 here and just some yeah this is just 20:05 sort of very basic software I'm sure 20:07 there's like an API for more 20:09 sophisticated 20:10 applications but so if you know anything 20:12 more about these cameras please um stick 20:14 in the 20:15 comments um incidentally when I was 20:18 editing I didn't notice there was a bent 20:19 pin on the um CCD but I did fix that 20:22 before doing these tests and also 20:24 reactivated the um silica gel desicant 20:26 cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting 20:28 bit of condensation on the window but um 20:31 yeah so a couple of uh interesting but 20:34 maybe not particularly uh useful pieces 20:37 of Kit except for someone that's got a 20:38 very specific use so um I'll stick a 20:42 I'll stick these on eBay put a link in 20:44 the description and say hopefully 20:45 someone could actually make some uh good 20:47 use of these things Example Output: **Abstract:** This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera. The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime. The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault). **Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System** * **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each. * **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light. * **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering. * **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color. * **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise. * **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel. * **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing. * **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels. * **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED. * **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay. Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it: 00:00:00 linear mixed effects models. These 00:00:06 linear model such as linear regression 00:00:10 complicated sampling designs. So in this 00:00:14 choose a mixed effects model, how to 00:00:18 models can become very complicated and 00:00:22 here so the linear model in its basic 00:00:28 familiar case would likely be linear 00:00:31 can be modeled by a dependent variable X 00:00:36 and an intercept so then your model can 00:00:42 predictor variable you can have multiple 00:00:47 categorical factors each with their own 00:00:52 as those are best suited when all of the 00:00:58 homogeneous group without any underlying 00:01:02 experimental design or a data structure 00:01:07 to smaller subgroups that are nested 00:01:12 case some of the variants might be 00:01:16 observation is within and considering 00:01:21 these subgroups may help you get better 00:01:24 introduces the idea of fixed versus 00:01:31 example also shown here the color or the 00:01:36 shape of the points are treated as fixed 00:01:41 the the green boxes could be treated as 00:01:45 that is in a second but how do you 00:01:49 an objective rule what counts as a fixed 00:01:55 random effect in another but there are 00:01:59 control for non independence created by 00:02:06 where you don't really care about the 00:02:11 for potential differences between the 00:02:15 might treat it as a random effect and 00:02:19 situation for mixed effects models the 00:02:24 you're typically interested in also our 00:02:30 effect if the categories are at just a 00:02:35 could be sampled also there's a lot of 00:02:39 those are the only two possibilities 00:02:43 fixed effect and not a random effect but 00:02:47 the decision will really depend on your 00:02:51 might help so in this first example 00:02:57 because it's a continuous variable and 00:03:01 possibly treat these multiple river 00:03:06 account for the possibility that 00:03:10 relationship between nitrogen and oxygen 00:03:15 fixed effect depending on the number of 00:03:20 this example we might want to treat 00:03:27 effect if we aren't interested in their 00:03:32 potential variability and finally in 00:03:37 two different levels of random effects 00:03:42 level on photosynthesis we might treat 00:03:47 as a random effect or it could be a 00:03:51 species and we can also treat the 00:03:55 effect if we measured each one multiple 00:03:59 actually a useful way of dealing with 00:04:04 exultant OVA and note that mixed effects 00:04:11 independent variable the linear model is 00:04:15 categorical factors only so what are 00:04:22 purpose do they serve in this 00:04:26 models work at least an are and in 00:04:31 called restricted maximum likelihood 00:04:35 and the residuals the difference between 00:04:40 with the intercept and/or slope of the 00:04:46 distribution and that distribution will 00:04:51 the idea here is that our random effects 00:04:55 population and so that's why they might 00:05:00 so after finding the best parameters to 00:05:04 residuals the method then can estimate 00:05:09 so given this one key decision that you 00:05:15 is how to treat these random effects so 00:05:20 you can just say these random effects 00:05:24 have the same slope and so this is a 00:05:29 our the 1 bar group indicates varying 00:05:35 also model varying slopes but constant 00:05:41 or you can have a model where the slopes 00:05:46 case the most common way is to model 00:05:51 there's a correlation between the slope 00:05:55 sort of instances and that shown here 00:06:01 our independent variable but you can 00:06:07 without a correlation between the two so 00:06:11 theoretical reasons given the question 00:06:16 particular way of doing the random 00:06:20 it's best to fit the full structure 00:06:25 intercept variation that is if it's 00:06:31 come back to that later on because there 00:06:35 complicated model and if 00:06:39 model so the previous examples were for 00:06:46 possible to have more complicated study 00:06:51 structures for example you might have 00:06:56 means that one level of one random 00:07:01 level of the high-rent effect gray box 00:07:07 left green box gray box three only 00:07:13 they don't occur in in all of them so 00:07:17 model which explains the outcome as a 00:07:24 would indicate nested random effects 00:07:28 within the green random effect indicated 00:07:36 crossed random effects which technically 00:07:43 fully cross design like shown here all 00:07:47 occur together so the gray all two 00:07:53 example of the green so the formula for 00:07:59 shown here with each listed as affecting 00:08:07 separately so that covers a little bit 00:08:12 and how you might specify them but as 00:08:17 extremely important to check the 00:08:21 does a good job of describing the data 00:08:25 and then you can run a variety of model 00:08:30 plot the residuals versus the fitted 00:08:34 shown here and if you have multiple 00:08:39 should plot residuals versus fitted for 00:08:44 is hopefully something like this where 00:08:48 pattern in your residuals they should be 00:08:52 around this zero line and there should 00:08:56 your fit in your residuals for every 00:09:01 this random effect structure you should 00:09:10 for each random effect group and this as 00:09:15 complicated if you have crossed and or 00:09:19 should do this to make sure that within 00:09:23 normally distributed that there's 00:09:27 values within the group and that the 00:09:32 if we have small sample size in some of 00:09:38 tell if the variance is similar or 00:09:43 it's also a caution if you have very 00:09:47 your results also the means of the 00:09:55 which is their mean relative to the 00:09:59 slope values the mean of the intercept 00:10:03 distributed because they're being drawn 00:10:06 distribution and you can evaluate this 00:10:11 does it more or less follow this this 00:10:16 are even more things you should consider 00:10:23 many levels or categories within them 00:10:29 levels or five groups within a random 00:10:34 because the method needs to estimate the 00:10:38 FX from a common distribution now if you 00:10:43 four categories it's hard to really 00:10:47 very accurately so if you only have two 00:10:51 can instead treat them as fixed effects 00:10:56 have independent variables that are 00:11:03 a collinear with one another that can 00:11:05 coefficients and what they mean but also 00:11:09 model can actually fit itself to the 00:11:13 strongly culinary variables you need to 00:11:17 the model more carefully do you need 00:11:21 investigate what you should do in this 00:11:24 as I've explained earlier you want to be 00:11:28 your random effects you know correctly 00:11:33 varying the slope or the intercept this 00:11:37 getting the nesting and the crossing 00:11:41 crossed variables which independent 00:11:46 and out of a interact it can get quite 00:11:50 your data and your study design very 00:11:54 anything but watch out for warning 00:12:00 about the model convergence that the 00:12:04 many cases that the boundary fit is 00:12:10 problems with sort of estimating these 00:12:13 always but this is I mean that you you 00:12:17 would want to certainly investigate you 00:12:22 need to use an uncorrelated intercept in 00:12:28 need to remove interactions between 00:12:32 modelled interactions and and so forth 00:12:36 here that involve you understanding your 00:12:40 one other way that you can help model 00:12:46 that is by States entering and 00:12:49 so to do this to Center and to 00:12:54 subtract the mean from each data point 00:12:59 centered values where the middle of our 00:13:03 each point and you divide it by the 00:13:08 then we get something where you know the 00:13:13 deviations away from them 00:13:17 model converge upon the solution in this 00:13:21 this is especially true if your 00:13:26 it can also help you compare the 00:13:31 your multiple independent variables 00:13:35 a larger effect because they're now 00:13:40 compare them the coefficients directly 00:13:44 centering and standardizing the 00:13:49 change you would expect in the dependent 00:13:53 increases by one standard deviation not 00:13:58 if you're using R and the LME for 00:14:06 is going to look something like this now 00:14:10 have crossed or nested effects how many 00:14:16 random effect structure is but this is 00:14:21 do you do with all this information well 00:14:25 specification and the fit typically you 00:14:28 shouldn't examine the residuals and 00:14:32 earlier when you are doing the 00:14:36 random effects so these are showing you 00:14:42 explained by the intercept of our random 00:14:46 grouping factor you know the slope plus 00:14:52 these are all the residual variance 00:14:56 that the fixed effects deal with and so 00:15:02 effects in it the coefficients again 00:15:06 what you would have seen in a regular 00:15:09 but you'll note that there is something 00:15:15 missing you don't get a p-value in this 00:15:20 because it's difficult to get accurate 00:15:24 models the variance is partitioned among 00:15:29 it's hard to know and so it's hard to 00:15:32 estimate and we get the standard error 00:15:36 to get a confidence interval on the size 00:15:40 coefficient and that's what we really 00:15:43 of the effect also you know is that 00:15:47 we think it is but the size is important 00:15:51 fixed effects which is basically like if 00:15:57 to see this correlation between the 00:16:03 effects if the slope is bigger the 00:16:06 this situation but then often you don't 00:16:11 so finally the mixed effects models are 00:16:15 independence when the data belong to 00:16:20 they can also be used to improve the 00:16:24 themself and so you may recall that 00:16:28 testing but they can also be used if 00:16:33 this example you might notice that one 00:16:38 other group J has a slope and intercept 00:16:42 other groups but you also notice that 00:16:46 points and it has a very restricted 00:16:51 little you know sort of wondering like 00:16:57 so different from the other ones but if 00:17:02 effects in a mixed model we can use the 00:17:07 ten things all did come from a 00:17:11 variance of slope and intercept we can 00:17:17 use that information to help inform each 00:17:23 called partial pooling or shrinkage 00:17:28 individual mean and intercept estimates 00:17:33 going to bring our slopes closer to the 00:17:39 much more strongly for these 00:17:44 the other ones it doesn't really affect 00:17:48 relatively large you know reasonably 00:17:52 so overall mixed effects models are 00:17:56 independence because your observations 00:18:00 for improving prediction from linear 00:18:04 shrinkage to get better estimates but 00:18:10 they can become very complicated as you 00:18:15 so it's extremely important to 00:18:19 study design how to set up the model and 00:18:24 assumptions and the model is a good 00:18:28 ensure all of that mixed effects models