*AI Summary*
The premise of this video is fundamentally flawed. It presents standard concepts in European population genetics as a profound and unique "German paradox," which is a gross overstatement for dramatic effect. Germany's genetic diversity is the predictable result of its geography at the crossroads of Europe, not an anomaly.
*Abstract:*
This video sensationally frames the population genetics of Germany as a unique and profound mystery. It details the region's complex history, highlighting the significant retention of Ice Age hunter-gatherer DNA, successive migrations of Anatolian farmers and Yamnaya herders, and the subsequent dominance of specific male lineages like R1b-U106 through elite-driven expansion. The narrative points to major genetic substrates that contradict modern cultural identity, such as the Celtic roots in the south and Slavic ancestry in the east. It also notes various "outlier" genetic markers and the role of selective pressures like the Black Death. The video's core argument—that German DNA is uniquely paradoxical—is unsupported. As far as I can tell, it simply describes the expected genetic consequences of millennia of migration, conquest, and assimilation in Central Europe.
*The Complex, but Not Paradoxical, Population History of Germany*
* *0:00 Flawed Premise: A German "Paradox":* The video opens by claiming German DNA is uniquely strange, citing a mix of genetic layers from different times and places. This is incorrect. The genetic complexity described is a predictable result of Central Europe's long history of migration and conflict, not a scientific paradox.
* *2:00 Ice Age Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry:* It states that Germans retain a relatively high percentage (10-15%) of DNA from Ice Age hunter-gatherers. While interesting, this is a known feature of the broader Northern European gene pool and not some special German trait.
* *3:51 Major Population Replacements:* The video recounts the well-documented waves of Anatolian farmers and later Yamnaya steppe herders who largely replaced previous populations. It frames the survival of any older lineages as a mystery, but incomplete replacement is a normal feature of such events.
* *5:37 Bell Beaker Elite Dominance:* It highlights the rise of a single Y-chromosome haplogroup (R1b-U106) during the Bell Beaker period, correctly attributing it to elite dominance. This social mechanism, where a small number of powerful men have disproportionate reproductive success, is a common phenomenon in human history and not specific to Germany.
* *7:19 Celtic Genetic Substrate:* The video points out that Southern Germans are genetically closer to Iron Age Celts than to Northern Germans, yet adopted a Germanic culture. This is a straightforward case of cultural assimilation following conquest and has nothing to do with a paradox.
* *9:09 Slavic Genetic Substrate:* Similarly, it notes that Eastern Germans have significant Slavic ancestry (e.g., up to 25% R1a). Again, this is a clear historical example of a population being culturally and linguistically Germanized over time. I don't care for the framing that this is somehow mysterious.
* *10:58 "Outlier" DNA:* The video lists trace genetic markers from Roman-era soldiers, 5th-century Central Asians, and North Africans as if they are impossible findings. They are not. These are direct, expected evidence of the Roman Empire, Hunnic migrations, and medieval trade routes.
* *12:48 Disease and Politics as Selective Forces:* The Black Death's role in increasing the frequency of the plague-resistant CCR5-Δ32 gene is discussed, as is the effect of Frankish inheritance laws in amplifying elite male lineages. These are simply good examples of natural and social selection at work.
* *15:02 Conclusion: Identity is Not Genetics:* The video concludes that "German" is a political and linguistic identity layered over many different genetic groups. This is correct and entirely unremarkable; the same is true for nearly every large nation-state on Earth.
AI-generated summary created with gemini-2.5-pro for free via RocketRecap-dot-com. (Input: 19,529 tokens, Output: 855 tokens, Est. cost: $0.03).
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Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera
mikeselectricstuff
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Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g...
Ebay listings: https://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/mikeselect...
Merch https://mikeselectricstuff.creator-sp...
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mikeselectricstuff
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40 Comments
@robertwatsonbath
6 hours ago
Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to.
1
Reply
@Muonium1
9 hours ago
The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths.
4
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1 reply
@tafsirnahian669
10 hours ago (edited)
Can this be used as an astrophotography camera?
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
6 hours ago
Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout
Reply
@2010craggy
11 hours ago
Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel.
1
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@vitukz
12 hours ago
A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it
2
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@RobertGallop
19 hours ago
That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps!
Reply
@Prophes0r
19 hours ago
I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source.
Very clever.
6
Reply
@OneBiOzZ
20 hours ago
given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it
9
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@tekvax01
21 hours ago
$20 thousand dollars per minute of run time!
1
Reply
@tekvax01
22 hours ago
"We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park.
*(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!)
Reply
@florianf4257
22 hours ago
The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun).
12
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mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
12 hours ago
I didn't think of that, but makes sense
2
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@douro20
22 hours ago (edited)
The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam.
1
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@RicoElectrico
23 hours ago
PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet.
Reply
@dcallan812
23 hours ago
Very interesting. 2x
Reply
@littleboot_
1 day ago
Cool interesting device
Reply
@dav1dbone
1 day ago
I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy?
Reply
@kevywevvy8833
1 day ago
ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights.
1
Reply
1 reply
@bill6255
1 day ago
Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho
3
Reply
@JAKOB1977
1 day ago (edited)
The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm
Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums.
Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels)
Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp
Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp
Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp
Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V)
Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V)
61.3 mm (Diagonal),
645 1.1x Optical Format
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Horizontal Outputs 4
Saturation Signal 40.3 ke−
Output Sensitivity 31 V/e−
Quantum Efficiency
KAF−50100−CAA
KAF−50100−AAA
KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens)
22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B)
25%
62%
Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e−
Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2
Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C
Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB
Estimated Linear Dynamic Range
(f = 18 MHz)
69.3 dB
Charge Transfer Efficiency
Horizontal
Vertical
0.999995
0.999999
Blooming Protection
(4 ms Exposure Time)
800X Saturation Exposure
Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz
Package Ceramic PGA
Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or
Clear Glass
Features
• TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode
for High Sensitivity
• Ultra-High Resolution
• Board Dynamic Range
• Low Noise Architecture
• Large Active Imaging Area
Applications
• Digitization
• Mapping/Aerial
• Photography
• Scientific
Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy
Reply
@martinalooksatthings
1 day ago
15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh
8
Reply
@RhythmGamer
1 day ago
Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix
1
Reply
@dine9093
1 day ago (edited)
Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there?
2
Reply
@NickNorton
1 day ago
Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting.
5
Reply
@KeritechElectronics
1 day ago
Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty!
1
Reply
@YSoreil
1 day ago
The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild.
2
Reply
@snik2pl
1 day ago
That leds look like from led projector
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
TDI = Time Domain Integration ?
1
Reply
@wolpumba4099
1 day ago (edited)
Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout.
From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle
i guess it would be good for astrophotography
4
Reply
@txm100
1 day ago (edited)
Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped!
9
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper.
1
Reply
@MRooodddvvv
1 day ago
yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff !
4
Reply
1 reply
@NoPegs
1 day ago
He lives!
11
Reply
1 reply
Transcript
0:00
so I've stripped all the bits of the
0:01
optical system so basically we've got
0:03
the uh the camera
0:05
itself which is mounted on this uh very
0:09
complex
0:10
adjustment thing which obviously to set
0:13
you the various tilt and uh alignment
0:15
stuff then there's two of these massive
0:18
lenses I've taken one of these apart I
0:20
think there's something like about eight
0:22
or nine Optical elements in here these
0:25
don't seem to do a great deal in terms
0:26
of electr magnification they're obiously
0:28
just about getting the image to where it
0:29
uh where it needs to be just so that
0:33
goes like that then this Optical block I
0:36
originally thought this was made of some
0:37
s crazy heavy material but it's just
0:39
really the sum of all these Optical bits
0:41
are just ridiculously heavy those lenses
0:43
are about 4 kilos each and then there's
0:45
this very heavy very solid um piece that
0:47
goes in the middle and this is so this
0:49
is the filter wheel assembly with a
0:51
hilariously oversized steper
0:53
motor driving this wheel with these very
0:57
large narrow band filters so we've got
1:00
various different shades of uh
1:03
filters there five Al together that
1:06
one's actually just showing up a silver
1:07
that's actually a a red but fairly low
1:10
transmission orangey red blue green
1:15
there's an excess cover on this side so
1:16
the filters can be accessed and changed
1:19
without taking anything else apart even
1:21
this is like ridiculous it's like solid
1:23
aluminium this is just basically a cover
1:25
the actual wavelengths of these are um
1:27
488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what
1:32
the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh
1:34
the width of the spectral line say these
1:37
are very narrow band filters most of
1:39
them are you very little light through
1:41
so it's still very tight narrow band to
1:43
match the um fluoresence of the dies
1:45
they're using in the biochemical process
1:48
and obviously to reject the light that's
1:49
being fired at it from that Illuminator
1:51
box and then there's a there's a second
1:53
one of these lenses then the actual sort
1:55
of samples below that so uh very serious
1:58
amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics
2:01
okay let's take a look at this light
2:02
source made by company Lumen Dynamics
2:04
who are now part of
2:06
excelitas self-contained unit power
2:08
connector USB and this which one of the
2:11
Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface
2:14
USB wasn't used in uh the fluid
2:17
application output here and I think this
2:19
is an input for um light feedback I
2:21
don't if it's regulated or just a measur
2:23
measurement facility and the uh fiber
2:27
assembly
2:29
Square Inlet there and then there's two
2:32
outputs which have uh lens assemblies
2:35
and this small one which goes back into
2:37
that small Port just Loops out of here
2:40
straight back in So on this side we've
2:42
got the electronics which look pretty
2:44
straightforward we've got a bit of power
2:45
supply stuff over here and we've got
2:48
separate drivers for each wavelength now
2:50
interesting this is clearly been very
2:52
specifically made for this application
2:54
you I was half expecting like say some
2:56
generic drivers that could be used for a
2:58
number of different things but actually
3:00
literally specified the exact wavelength
3:02
on the PCB there is provision here for
3:04
385 NM which isn't populated but this is
3:07
clearly been designed very specifically
3:09
so these four drivers look the same but
3:10
then there's two higher power ones for
3:12
575 and
3:14
520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this
3:16
575 section there a p 24 which is
3:20
providing USB interface USB isolator the
3:23
USB interface just presents as a comport
3:26
I did have a quick look but I didn't
3:27
actually get anything sensible um I did
3:29
dump the Pi code out and there's a few
3:31
you a few sort of commands that you
3:32
could see in text but I didn't actually
3:34
manage to get it working properly I
3:36
found some software for related version
3:38
but it didn't seem to want to talk to it
3:39
but um I say that wasn't used for the
3:41
original application it might be quite
3:42
interesting to get try and get the Run
3:44
hours count out of it and the TTL
3:46
interface looks fairly straightforward
3:48
we've got positions for six opto
3:50
isolators but only five five are
3:52
installed so that corresponds with the
3:54
unused thing so I think this hopefully
3:56
should be as simple as just providing a
3:57
ttrl signal for each color to uh enable
4:00
it a big heat sink here which is there I
4:03
think there's like a big S of metal
4:04
plate through the middle of this that
4:05
all the leads are mounted on the other
4:07
side so this is heat sinking it with a
4:09
air flow from a uh just a fan in here
4:13
obviously don't have the air flow
4:14
anywhere near the Optics so conduction
4:17
cool through to this plate that's then
4:18
uh air cooled got some pots which are
4:21
presumably power
4:22
adjustments okay let's take a look at
4:24
the other side which is uh much more
4:27
interesting see we've got some uh very
4:31
uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there
4:35
a bunch of leads so we've got one here
4:37
475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520
4:44
filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to
4:48
see what's white is if we just shine
4:49
some white light through
4:51
here not sure how it is is to see on the
4:54
camera but shining white light we do
4:55
actually get a bit of red a bit of blue
4:57
some yellow here so the obstacle path
5:00
575 it goes sort of here bounces off
5:03
this mirror and goes out the 520 goes
5:07
sort of down here across here and up
5:09
there 630 goes basically straight
5:13
through
5:15
430 goes across there down there along
5:17
there and the 475 goes down here and
5:20
left this is the light sensing thing
5:22
think here there's just a um I think
5:24
there a photo diode or other sensor
5:26
haven't actually taken that off and
5:28
everything's fixed down to this chunk of
5:31
aluminium which acts as the heat
5:32
spreader that then conducts the heat to
5:33
the back side for the heat
5:35
sink and the actual lead packages all
5:38
look fairly similar except for this one
5:41
on the 575 which looks quite a bit more
5:44
substantial big spay
5:46
Terminals and the interface for this
5:48
turned out to be extremely simple it's
5:50
literally a 5V TTL level to enable each
5:54
color doesn't seem to be any tensity
5:56
control but there are some additional
5:58
pins on that connector that weren't used
5:59
in the through time thing so maybe
6:01
there's some extra lines that control
6:02
that I couldn't find any data on this uh
6:05
unit and the um their current product
6:07
range is quite significantly different
6:09
so we've got the uh blue these
6:13
might may well be saturating the camera
6:16
so they might look a bit weird so that's
6:17
the 430
6:18
blue the 575
6:24
yellow uh
6:26
475 light blue
6:29
the uh 520
6:31
green and the uh 630 red now one
6:36
interesting thing I noticed for the
6:39
575 it's actually it's actually using a
6:42
white lead and then filtering it rather
6:44
than using all the other ones are using
6:46
leads which are the fundamental colors
6:47
but uh this is actually doing white and
6:50
it's a combination of this filter and
6:52
the dichroic mirrors that are turning to
6:55
Yellow if we take the filter out and a
6:57
lot of the a lot of the um blue content
7:00
is going this way the red is going
7:02
straight through these two mirrors so
7:05
this is clearly not reflecting much of
7:08
that so we end up with the yellow coming
7:10
out of uh out of there which is a fairly
7:14
light yellow color which you don't
7:16
really see from high intensity leads so
7:19
that's clearly why they've used the
7:20
white to uh do this power consumption of
7:23
the white is pretty high so going up to
7:25
about 2 and 1 half amps on that color
7:27
whereas most of the other colors are
7:28
only drawing half an amp or so at 24
7:30
volts the uh the green is up to about
7:32
1.2 but say this thing is uh much
7:35
brighter and if you actually run all the
7:38
colors at the same time you get a fairly
7:41
reasonable um looking white coming out
7:43
of it and one thing you might just be
7:45
out to notice is there is some sort
7:46
color banding around here that's not
7:49
getting uh everything s completely
7:51
concentric and I think that's where this
7:53
fiber optic thing comes
7:58
in I'll
8:00
get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped
8:04
very sort of uniform color and looking
8:06
at What's um inside here we've basically
8:09
just got this Square Rod so this is
8:12
clearly yeah the lights just bouncing
8:13
off all the all the various sides to um
8:16
get a nice uniform illumination uh this
8:19
back bit looks like it's all potted so
8:21
nothing I really do to get in there I
8:24
think this is fiber so I have come
8:26
across um cables like this which are
8:27
liquid fill but just looking through the
8:30
end of this it's probably a bit hard to
8:31
see it does look like there fiber ends
8:34
going going on there and so there's this
8:36
feedback thing which is just obviously
8:39
compensating for the any light losses
8:41
through here to get an accurate
8:43
representation of uh the light that's
8:45
been launched out of these two
8:47
fibers and you see uh
8:49
these have got this sort of trapezium
8:54
shape light guides again it's like a
8:56
sort of acrylic or glass light guide
9:00
guess projected just to make the right
9:03
rectangular
9:04
shape and look at this Center assembly
9:07
um the light output doesn't uh change
9:10
whether you feed this in or not so it's
9:11
clear not doing any internal Clos Loop
9:14
control obviously there may well be some
9:16
facility for it to do that but it's not
9:17
being used in this
9:19
application and so this output just
9:21
produces a voltage on the uh outle
9:24
connector proportional to the amount of
9:26
light that's present so there's a little
9:28
diffuser in the back there
9:30
and then there's just some kind of uh
9:33
Optical sensor looks like a
9:35
chip looking at the lead it's a very
9:37
small package on the PCB with this lens
9:40
assembly over the top and these look
9:43
like they're actually on a copper
9:44
Metalized PCB for maximum thermal
9:47
performance and yeah it's a very small
9:49
package looks like it's a ceramic
9:51
package and there's a thermister there
9:53
for temperature monitoring this is the
9:56
475 blue one this is the 520 need to
9:59
Green which is uh rather different OB
10:02
it's a much bigger D with lots of bond
10:04
wise but also this looks like it's using
10:05
a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it
10:08
lights up green so this is actually a
10:10
phosphor conversion green lead which
10:12
I've I've come across before they want
10:15
that specific wavelength so they may be
10:17
easier to tune a phosphor than tune the
10:20
um semiconductor material to get the uh
10:23
right right wavelength from the lead
10:24
directly uh red 630 similar size to the
10:28
blue one or does seem to have a uh a
10:31
lens on top of it there is a sort of red
10:33
coloring to
10:35
the die but that doesn't appear to be
10:38
fluorescent as far as I can
10:39
tell and the white one again a little
10:41
bit different sort of much higher
10:43
current
10:46
connectors a makeer name on that
10:48
connector flot light not sure if that's
10:52
the connector or the lead
10:54
itself and obviously with the phosphor
10:56
and I'd imagine that phosphor may well
10:58
be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5
11:01
cenm and actually this white one looks
11:04
like a St fairly standard product I just
11:06
found it in Mouse made by luminous
11:09
devices in fact actually I think all
11:11
these are based on various luminous
11:13
devices modules and they're you take
11:17
looks like they taking the nearest
11:18
wavelength and then just using these
11:19
filters to clean it up to get a precise
11:22
uh spectral line out of it so quite a
11:25
nice neat and um extreme
11:30
bright light source uh sure I've got any
11:33
particular use for it so I think this
11:35
might end up on
11:36
eBay but uh very pretty to look out and
11:40
without the uh risk of burning your eyes
11:43
out like you do with lasers so I thought
11:45
it would be interesting to try and
11:46
figure out the runtime of this things
11:48
like this we usually keep some sort
11:49
record of runtime cuz leads degrade over
11:51
time I couldn't get any software to work
11:52
through the USB face but then had a
11:54
thought probably going to be writing the
11:55
runtime periodically to the e s prom so
11:58
I just just scope up that and noticed it
12:00
was doing right every 5 minutes so I
12:02
just ran it for a while periodically
12:04
reading the E squ I just held the pick
12:05
in in reset and um put clip over to read
12:07
the square prom and found it was writing
12:10
one location per color every 5 minutes
12:12
so if one color was on it would write
12:14
that location every 5 minutes and just
12:16
increment it by one so after doing a few
12:18
tests with different colors of different
12:19
time periods it looked extremely
12:21
straightforward it's like a four bite
12:22
count for each color looking at the
12:24
original data that was in it all the
12:26
colors apart from Green were reading
12:28
zero and the green was reading four
12:30
indicating a total 20 minutes run time
12:32
ever if it was turned on run for a short
12:34
time then turned off that might not have
12:36
been counted but even so indicates this
12:37
thing wasn't used a great deal the whole
12:40
s process of doing a run can be several
12:42
hours but it'll only be doing probably
12:43
the Imaging at the end of that so you
12:46
wouldn't expect to be running for a long
12:47
time but say a single color for 20
12:50
minutes over its whole lifetime does
12:52
seem a little bit on the low side okay
12:55
let's look at the camera un fortunately
12:57
I managed to not record any sound when I
12:58
did this it's also a couple of months
13:00
ago so there's going to be a few details
13:02
that I've forgotten so I'm just going to
13:04
dub this over the original footage so um
13:07
take the lid off see this massive great
13:10
heat sink so this is a pel cool camera
13:12
we've got this blower fan producing a
13:14
fair amount of air flow through
13:16
it the connector here there's the ccds
13:19
mounted on the board on the
13:24
right this unplugs so we've got a bit of
13:27
power supply stuff on here
13:29
USB interface I think that's the Cyprus
13:32
microcontroller High speeded USB
13:34
interface there's a zyink spon fpga some
13:40
RAM and there's a couple of ATD
13:42
converters can't quite read what those
13:45
those are but anal
13:47
devices um little bit of bodgery around
13:51
here extra decoupling obviously they
13:53
have having some noise issues this is
13:55
around the ram chip quite a lot of extra
13:57
capacitors been added there
13:59
uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior
14:01
to the HD converter buffers or Andor
14:05
amplifiers taking the CCD
14:08
signal um bit more power spy stuff here
14:11
this is probably all to do with
14:12
generating the various CCD bias voltages
14:14
they uh need quite a lot of exotic
14:18
voltages next board down is just a
14:20
shield and an interconnect
14:24
boardly shielding the power supply stuff
14:26
from some the more sensitive an log
14:28
stuff
14:31
and this is the bottom board which is
14:32
just all power supply
14:34
stuff as you can see tons of capacitors
14:37
or Transformer in
14:42
there and this is the CCD which is a uh
14:47
very impressive thing this is a kf50 100
14:50
originally by true sense then codec
14:53
there ON
14:54
Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the
14:58
only price I could find was this one
15:00
5,000 bucks and the architecture you can
15:03
see there actually two separate halves
15:04
which explains the Dual AZ converters
15:06
and two amplifiers it's literally split
15:08
down the middle and duplicated so it's
15:10
outputting two streams in parallel just
15:13
to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's
15:15
got this amazing um diffraction effects
15:18
it's got micro lenses over the pixel so
15:20
there's there's a bit more Optics going
15:22
on than on a normal
15:25
sensor few more bodges on the CCD board
15:28
including this wire which isn't really
15:29
tacked down very well which is a bit uh
15:32
bit of a mess quite a few bits around
15:34
this board where they've uh tacked
15:36
various bits on which is not super
15:38
impressive looks like CCD drivers on the
15:40
left with those 3 ohm um damping
15:43
resistors on the
15:47
output get a few more little bodges
15:50
around here some of
15:52
the and there's this separator the
15:54
silica gel to keep the moisture down but
15:56
there's this separator that actually
15:58
appears to be cut from piece of
15:59
antistatic
16:04
bag and this sort of thermal block on
16:06
top of this stack of three pel Cola
16:12
modules so as with any Stacks they get
16:16
um larger as they go back towards the
16:18
heat sink because each P's got to not
16:20
only take the heat from the previous but
16:21
also the waste heat which is quite
16:27
significant you see a little temperature
16:29
sensor here that copper block which
16:32
makes contact with the back of the
16:37
CCD and this's the back of the
16:40
pelas this then contacts the heat sink
16:44
on the uh rear there a few thermal pads
16:46
as well for some of the other power
16:47
components on this
16:51
PCB okay I've connected this uh camera
16:54
up I found some drivers on the disc that
16:56
seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't
16:58
get to install under Windows 11 though
17:01
um in the absence of any sort of lens or
17:03
being bothered to the proper amount I've
17:04
just put some f over it and put a little
17:06
pin in there to make a pinhole lens and
17:08
software gives a few options I'm not
17:11
entirely sure what all these are there's
17:12
obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low
17:15
gain and with PFG no idea what that is
17:19
something something game programmable
17:20
Something game perhaps ver exposure
17:23
types I think focus is just like a
17:25
continuous grab until you tell it to
17:27
stop not entirely sure all these options
17:30
are obviously exposure time uh triggers
17:33
there ex external hardware trigger inut
17:35
you just trigger using a um thing on
17:37
screen so the resolution is 8176 by
17:40
6132 and you can actually bin those
17:42
where you combine multiple pixels to get
17:46
increased gain at the expense of lower
17:48
resolution down this is a 10sec exposure
17:51
obviously of the pin hole it's very uh
17:53
intensitive so we just stand still now
17:56
downloading it there's the uh exposure
17:59
so when it's
18:01
um there's a little status thing down
18:03
here so that tells you the um exposure
18:07
[Applause]
18:09
time it's this is just it
18:15
downloading um it is quite I'm seeing
18:18
quite a lot like smearing I think that I
18:20
don't know whether that's just due to
18:21
pixels overloading or something else I
18:24
mean yeah it's not it's not um out of
18:26
the question that there's something not
18:27
totally right about this camera
18:28
certainly was bodge wise on there um I
18:31
don't I'd imagine a camera like this
18:32
it's got a fairly narrow range of
18:34
intensities that it's happy with I'm not
18:36
going to spend a great deal of time on
18:38
this if you're interested in this camera
18:40
maybe for astronomy or something and
18:42
happy to sort of take the risk of it may
18:44
not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll
18:47
stick this on eBay along with the
18:48
Illuminator I'll put a link down in the
18:50
description to the listing take your
18:52
chances to grab a bargain so for example
18:54
here we see this vertical streaking so
18:56
I'm not sure how normal that is this is
18:58
on fairly bright scene looking out the
19:02
window if I cut the exposure time down
19:04
on that it's now 1 second
19:07
exposure again most of the image
19:09
disappears again this is looks like it's
19:11
possibly over still overloading here go
19:14
that go down to say say quarter a
19:16
second so again I think there might be
19:19
some Auto gain control going on here um
19:21
this is with the PFG option let's try
19:23
turning that off and see what
19:25
happens so I'm not sure this is actually
19:27
more streaking or which just it's
19:29
cranked up the gain all the dis display
19:31
gray scale to show what um you know the
19:33
range of things that it's captured
19:36
there's one of one of 12 things in the
19:38
software there's um you can see of you
19:40
can't seem to read out the temperature
19:42
of the pelta cooler but you can set the
19:44
temperature and if you said it's a
19:46
different temperature you see the power
19:48
consumption jump up running the cooler
19:50
to get the temperature you requested but
19:52
I can't see anything anywhere that tells
19:54
you whether the cool is at the at the
19:56
temperature other than the power
19:57
consumption going down and there's no
19:59
temperature read out
20:03
here and just some yeah this is just
20:05
sort of very basic software I'm sure
20:07
there's like an API for more
20:09
sophisticated
20:10
applications but so if you know anything
20:12
more about these cameras please um stick
20:14
in the
20:15
comments um incidentally when I was
20:18
editing I didn't notice there was a bent
20:19
pin on the um CCD but I did fix that
20:22
before doing these tests and also
20:24
reactivated the um silica gel desicant
20:26
cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting
20:28
bit of condensation on the window but um
20:31
yeah so a couple of uh interesting but
20:34
maybe not particularly uh useful pieces
20:37
of Kit except for someone that's got a
20:38
very specific use so um I'll stick a
20:42
I'll stick these on eBay put a link in
20:44
the description and say hopefully
20:45
someone could actually make some uh good
20:47
use of these things
Example Output:
**Abstract:**
This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera.
The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime.
The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault).
**Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System**
* **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each.
* **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light.
* **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering.
* **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color.
* **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise.
* **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel.
* **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing.
* **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels.
* **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED.
* **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay.
Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it:
00:00:01 There's something deeply wrong with
00:00:01 German DNA. Something that shouldn't be
00:00:03 possible according to everything we know
00:00:05 about population genetics. Beneath the
00:00:07 surface of one of Europe's most
00:00:08 documented nations lies a genetic
00:00:10 paradox so profound that every new
00:00:11 discovery only deepen the mystery.
00:00:13 Picture this. Bavaria 2018.
00:00:16 Archaeologists excavate a fifth century
00:00:18 burial ground and find women with
00:00:19 artificially elongated skulls, a
00:00:21 practice from the central Asian steps
00:00:23 thousands of miles away. The DNA
00:00:25 analysis comes back. East Asian ancestry
00:00:28 buried with full honors alongside
00:00:29 Germanic elite. No invasion, no
00:00:32 conquest, just there. History has no
00:00:35 explanation for how they arrived or why
00:00:36 they were revered. Now jump forward to
00:00:39 1347. The Black Death sweeps across
00:00:42 Europe like wildfire. Half the continent
00:00:44 dies in agony. Yet certain German
00:00:46 villages emerge virtually unscathed.
00:00:48 Scientists centuries later discover why.
00:00:50 a genetic mutation called CCR5D32
00:00:54 that renders carriers nearly immune to
00:00:56 plague. Germans carry this mutation at
00:00:59 some of the highest frequencies on
00:01:00 Earth. Did plague literally rewrite
00:01:03 German DNA, or was something already
00:01:05 protecting them? The contradictions
00:01:07 multiply the deeper you look. Northern
00:01:09 Germans carry more Viking genetic
00:01:10 markers than actual Swedes. Eastern
00:01:12 Germans harbor Slavic bloodlines that
00:01:14 official history claims were erased. The
00:01:17 Rhineland holds traces of North African
00:01:19 DNA that migration maps say never
00:01:21 happened. Open any genetics database and
00:01:23 Germany fractures into 49 distinct
00:01:26 genetic populations, each one telling a
00:01:28 different origin story, each one
00:01:30 contradicting the others. So, here's the
00:01:32 question that haunts geneticists. Why is
00:01:34 German DNA the strangest in Europe? And
00:01:37 what if the answer reveals something
00:01:38 about human history that we're not
00:01:40 supposed to know? Because this isn't
00:01:42 about borders or politics or national
00:01:44 identity. This is about bloodlines that
00:01:46 refuse to vanish, genetic signatures
00:01:48 that shouldn't exist, and a truth
00:01:50 written in chromosomes that challenges
00:01:52 everything we thought we understood
00:01:54 about who Europeans really are.
00:02:00 To understand why German DNA is so
00:02:00 strange, we need to go back 45,000 years
00:02:03 to a time when Germany didn't exist and
00:02:05 Europe was a frozen wasteland. During
00:02:06 the last ice age, massive glaciers
00:02:09 covered Scandinavia and pushed south
00:02:10 toward what would become Germany. But
00:02:13 small populations of hunter gatherers
00:02:14 survived in icefree refugees, clinging
00:02:17 to existence in one of the harshest
00:02:19 environments humans have ever faced.
00:02:21 These ice age survivors developed
00:02:23 remarkable genetic adaptations. Enhanced
00:02:26 vitamin D synthesis that allowed them to
00:02:28 survive with minimal sunlight. Altered
00:02:30 fat metabolism that helped them extract
00:02:32 maximum energy from scarce food sources.
00:02:34 Physiological cold resistance that
00:02:36 modern populations have lost. Research
00:02:38 published in Nature by Dr. Xiaom Fu and
00:02:41 colleagues analyzed ancient DNA from
00:02:43 these Paleolithic Europeans. They
00:02:45 discovered something remarkable. These
00:02:47 hunter gatherers were the original
00:02:48 source of the genes for blue eyes and
00:02:50 light skin that dominate Northern Europe
00:02:52 today. But here's where the German story
00:02:55 becomes strange. While most European
00:02:57 populations show only trace amounts of
00:02:59 this ancient hunter gatherer ancestry,
00:03:01 Germans retain 10 to 15% of this ice age
00:03:04 genetic signature. It's as if something
00:03:06 in the German genetic landscape
00:03:08 preserved these ancient bloodlines while
00:03:10 they faded elsewhere. Dr. David Reich's
00:03:12 research on European population history
00:03:14 reveals that this preservation isn't
00:03:16 random. The genes that survived are
00:03:19 specifically those related to cold
00:03:20 adaptation, immune function, and
00:03:23 metabolic efficiency. These weren't just
00:03:25 random genetic survivors. They were
00:03:27 functional adaptations that continued
00:03:30 providing advantages long after the ice
00:03:32 age ended. But why did these ancient
00:03:34 strands persist so strongly in Germany
00:03:37 while elsewhere in Europe they vanished
00:03:39 almost entirely? What made the German
00:03:41 genetic landscape so hospitable to
00:03:43 preserving humanity's ice age heritage?
00:03:51 Around 7,000 years ago, the first great
00:03:51 genetic replacement swept across Europe.
00:03:53 Farmers from Anatolia, modern-day
00:03:54 Turkey, brought agriculture, pottery,
00:03:57 [music] and an entirely new genetic
00:03:58 profile. They carried darker hair and
00:04:01 eyes, different blood types, and HA
00:04:03 groups like G2A and mitochondrial
00:04:05 lineages H, T, J, and K. These Neolithic
00:04:09 farmers gradually replaced the ice age
00:04:11 hunter gatherers, establishing
00:04:12 agricultural communities across Europe.
00:04:15 For thousands of years, their
00:04:16 descendants dominated the genetic
00:04:18 landscape. Then came the second wave.
00:04:20 Around 4,800 years ago, the Yamna step
00:04:24 herders from the Pontic Caspian region
00:04:27 swept into Europe with bronze weapons,
00:04:29 horses, and an aggressive expansion that
00:04:31 genetic studies describe as
00:04:32 catastrophic. Dr. Wolf Gang Hawk's
00:04:35 research published in Nature documents
00:04:37 what happened next. Approximately 90% of
00:04:39 male lineages in central Europe were
00:04:41 replaced within a few generations. The
00:04:44 genetic signatures of the Neolithic
00:04:45 farmers virtually disappeared, replaced
00:04:48 by step ancestry carrying HLA groups R1B
00:04:50 and R1A along with genes for lactose
00:04:53 tolerance and increased height. This
00:04:55 should have been a total genetic
00:04:56 replacement. The archaeological and
00:04:58 genetic evidence suggests a near
00:05:00 complete population turnover. Yet,
00:05:02 here's the paradox. In some German
00:05:04 regions, ice age and early farmer genes
00:05:07 still survive at measurable frequencies.
00:05:09 Ancient DNA from Bronze Age German
00:05:11 burial sites shows individuals carrying
00:05:13 mixed ancestry. Step warrior genetics
00:05:15 combined with surviving farmer and even
00:05:17 hunter gatherer lineages. Somehow,
00:05:20 despite the genetic collapse documented
00:05:22 across the rest of Europe, these ancient
00:05:24 bloodlines found refuge in German
00:05:25 populations. If the Yam Naya takeover
00:05:28 was near total, how are these ancient
00:05:30 lines still measurable today? What
00:05:32 protected them in Germany when they
00:05:33 disappeared almost everywhere else?
00:05:37 [music]
00:05:37 Between 2800 and 2300 B.CE, something
00:05:41 remarkable happened in prehistoric
00:05:43 Europe. A cultural and genetic network
00:05:45 called the Bellbeaker culture emerged.
00:05:47 Named after their distinctive pottery.
00:05:49 But this wasn't just about pottery. It
00:05:51 was about the first truly international
00:05:53 trade network in European history.
00:05:55 Belbeaker people traded amber from the
00:05:56 Baltic, copper from the Alps, gold from
00:05:59 Ireland, and even ivory from distant
00:06:01 lands. They created exchange routes that
00:06:03 connected Britain to Hungary, Spain to
00:06:05 Poland. And at the center of this
00:06:07 network sat Germany. Germany became a
00:06:09 prehistoric crossroads where genes,
00:06:11 trade goods, and cultural innovations
00:06:13 mixed with unprecedented intensity. DNA
00:06:16 analysis shows that genetic diversity in
00:06:18 Bellbeaker, Germany, exceeded that of
00:06:20 surrounding regions by significant
00:06:22 margins. But here's where the mystery
00:06:24 deepens. Despite this diversity, modern
00:06:27 German men today overwhelmingly carry a
00:06:29 single Y chromosome HLO group RBU 106.
00:06:33 This lineage can be traced directly to
00:06:35 Bellbeaker warriors and later Frankish
00:06:37 elites. Dr. Oli's 2018 study in nature
00:06:40 analyzed over 400 ancient European
00:06:43 genomes and revealed something
00:06:44 extraordinary. The Bellbeaker expansion
00:06:47 into Germany was accompanied by an
00:06:48 almost complete replacement of male
00:06:50 lineages, but significant retention of
00:06:52 female lineages from earlier
00:06:54 populations. [snorts] This pattern
00:06:55 suggests something specific happened
00:06:57 during the Bellbeaker period. not just
00:06:59 migration, but a cultural or military
00:07:01 system that allowed a small group of men
00:07:03 to dominate reproduction across multiple
00:07:05 generations. How did a single elite male
00:07:08 lineage dominate so thoroughly that it
00:07:09 still defines millions of Germans today?
00:07:11 And why does this pattern appear more
00:07:13 extremely in Germany than anywhere else
00:07:15 the Bellbee culture reached?
00:07:19 >> [music]
00:07:19 >> Ask most people about German origins and
00:07:21 they'll mention Germanic tribes, but
00:07:23 genetic evidence tells a different
00:07:24 story. Especially in southern Germany,
00:07:27 Bavaria, the Rhineland, and much of
00:07:29 southwestern Germany were Celtic
00:07:31 territory for centuries before Romans
00:07:33 arrived. The Kelts left more than place
00:07:35 names and archaeological sites. They
00:07:37 left their genes. Modern genetic
00:07:39 analysis of Bavarian populations reveals
00:07:43 something that challenges traditional
00:07:44 narratives. Southern Germans show more
00:07:46 genetic continuity with Iron Age Kelts
00:07:48 than they do with northern Germanic
00:07:50 populations. Hapla groups associated
00:07:52 with Celtic populations appear at
00:07:54 elevated frequencies. Mitochondrial DNA
00:07:56 lineages trace back to pre- Roman Celtic
00:07:59 communities. Dr. Peter Forers's research
00:08:01 on European genetic geography shows that
00:08:03 Bavaria and Austria form a distinct
00:08:05 genetic cluster that has more in common
00:08:07 with Celtic populations of France and
00:08:09 Switzerland than with northern German
00:08:11 regions. But here's the puzzle. Despite
00:08:14 this Celtic genetic substrate, the
00:08:16 culture and language shifted to Germanic
00:08:18 during the migration period. How? The
00:08:21 answer lies in what geneticists call
00:08:23 elite dominance. A small group of
00:08:25 politically and militarily powerful
00:08:26 individuals imposing their language and
00:08:28 culture on genetically distinct distinct
00:08:30 populations. The Franks, Alammani, and
00:08:34 other Germanic groups conquered Celtic
00:08:35 territories, but they didn't replace the
00:08:37 population. They replaced the identity.
00:08:40 This creates one of the strangest
00:08:41 aspects of German DNA. Bavarians carry
00:08:44 more genetic continuity with ancient
00:08:45 Kelts than with northern Germans. Yet,
00:08:47 all are considered German. The genetic
00:08:50 map and the cultural map don't align at
00:08:52 all. Why do Bavarians carry such a
00:08:54 strong Celtic continuity when the
00:08:55 historical narrative emphasizes Germanic
00:08:58 identity? And how many other European
00:09:00 populations are living under cultural
00:09:02 identities that contradict their actual
00:09:04 genetic heritage?
00:09:09 [music] While western and southern
00:09:09 Germany show Celtic genetic persistence,
00:09:12 Eastern Germany tells yet another
00:09:13 contradictory story, one of Slavic
00:09:15 ancestry hiding beneath German identity.
00:09:18 During the 6th and 7th centuries CE,
00:09:20 Slavic tribes expanded westward into
00:09:22 territories that are now Brenenburgg,
00:09:24 Saxony, and Meckllinburgg. They
00:09:26 established settlements, fortified
00:09:28 towns, and a cultural presence that
00:09:30 lasted for centuries. Eventually,
00:09:32 Germanic expansion pushed back through a
00:09:36 combination of conquest, assimilation,
00:09:38 and Germanization policies. The Slavic
00:09:40 population was culturally absorbed.
00:09:42 History books often describe this as a
00:09:44 complete replacement. But the genes tell
00:09:47 a different truth. Why chromosome HLA
00:09:49 group R1A strongly associated with
00:09:52 Slavic populations appears in Eastern
00:09:54 Germany at frequencies up to 25%
00:09:57 comparable to some regions of Poland and
00:09:59 the Czech Republic. Dr. Dr. Mark Stone
00:10:01 King's research at the Maxplank
00:10:03 Institute analyzed genetic patterns
00:10:04 across Germany and found clear evidence
00:10:06 of this Slavic legacy. Eastern Germans
00:10:09 form a distinct genetic cluster that
00:10:11 shows closer affinity to Slavic
00:10:13 populations than to Western Germans.
00:10:15 Mitochondrial DNA studies reveal even
00:10:18 higher levels of Slavic ancestry through
00:10:20 maternal lines, suggesting that while
00:10:22 Slavic men may have been killed or
00:10:24 displaced during conflicts, Slavic women
00:10:26 were integrated into Germanic
00:10:27 communities. Today, Eastern Germans
00:10:30 carry heavy Slavic ancestry yet identify
00:10:32 completely as German. Place names in
00:10:34 Brandenburg and Saxony like Berlin,
00:10:37 Leipzik, Dresden have Slavic origins,
00:10:40 but most residents are unaware of this
00:10:42 linguistic and genetic heritage. How
00:10:44 does German identity erase the clear
00:10:46 Slavic DNA that still persists in
00:10:48 millions of people? And what does it
00:10:49 mean for identity when genetics and
00:10:51 culture diverge so dramatically?
00:10:58 Just when you think German DNA can't get
00:10:58 any stranger, the outliers appear.
00:11:00 Genetic signatures that shouldn't be
00:11:02 there according to any standard
00:11:03 migration model. The Rhineland,
00:11:05 Germany's western region, was under
00:11:07 Roman occupation for over 400 years.
00:11:10 Roman forts and cities like Cologne and
00:11:12 Trier housed legions recruited from
00:11:13 across the empire. Spain, Syria, North
00:11:16 Africa, the Balkans. Ancient DNA from
00:11:19 Roman era cemeteries in Germany reveals
00:11:21 soldiers carrying Hapla groups J2,
00:11:23 E1B1B,
00:11:25 and other markers typical of
00:11:26 Mediterranean and Middle Eastern
00:11:28 populations. These men didn't just
00:11:30 occupy Germany. They settled, married
00:11:32 local women, and left genetic traces
00:11:34 that persist today. But the Roman
00:11:36 influence pales compared to the Bavarian
00:11:38 skull mystery. In 2018, genetic analysis
00:11:41 of fifth century burials near Agsburg
00:11:43 revealed something extraordinary. women
00:11:45 with artificially elongated skulls, a
00:11:48 practice associated with central Asian
00:11:49 nomads who showed genetic signatures
00:11:51 from East Asia and the Balkans. Dr.
00:11:54 Yawakenburgger's research team
00:11:55 determined these women had migrated to
00:11:57 Bavaria from regions near the Black Sea,
00:12:00 possibly linked to Hunik expansions or
00:12:02 diplomatic alliances. They weren't
00:12:03 captives. They were buried with honors
00:12:05 alongside high status Germanic
00:12:07 individuals, suggesting intermarriage at
00:12:10 elite levels. Even more remarkable, a
00:12:13 2012 genetic study found that
00:12:16 approximately 1% of Germans carry North
00:12:18 African genetic markers, specifically
00:12:20 associated with Berber and Tuare
00:12:22 populations of the Sahara. These aren't
00:12:25 recent ad mixtures. They trace back
00:12:27 centuries, possibly to Roman soldiers
00:12:29 from North African provinces or medieval
00:12:31 trade contexts. [music] How did DNA
00:12:33 markers from the Sahara Desert, the
00:12:35 Central Asian steps, and the Levant end
00:12:37 up embedded in German lineages? and how
00:12:40 many other impossible genetic journeys
00:12:42 are hidden in European populations.
00:12:48 Sometimes the strangest aspects of DNA
00:12:48 aren't about where it comes from, but
00:12:50 about which genes survived against
00:12:52 impossible odds. Between 1347 and 1353,
00:12:56 the Black Death killed between 30 to 60%
00:12:59 of Europe's population, but mortality
00:13:01 rates varied dramatically by region.
00:13:03 Some German towns lost 90% of their
00:13:05 population. Others survived with minimal
00:13:08 losses. Scientists searching for
00:13:10 explanations discovered a genetic
00:13:11 mutation called CCR5D32.
00:13:15 This deletion in the CCR5 gene makes
00:13:18 carriers highly resistant to plague
00:13:19 bacteria. Remarkably, this mutation
00:13:22 appears in Germans and northern
00:13:23 Europeans at some of the highest
00:13:25 frequencies in the world. Around 16%
00:13:27 carry at least one copy. Dr. Christopher
00:13:30 Duncan's research suggests the Black
00:13:31 Death created massive selective pressure
00:13:34 that increased CCR5D32
00:13:36 frequency dramatically. Communities with
00:13:38 high frequencies of this mutation had
00:13:40 significantly better survival rates and
00:13:42 their genetic legacy dominates modern
00:13:44 populations. Did plague literally sculpt
00:13:47 German DNA? The evidence suggests yes.
00:13:50 Regions that were hit hardest by plague
00:13:51 show the highest frequencies of
00:13:53 protective mutations today. But disease
00:13:55 isn't the only force that shaped which
00:13:57 bloodlines survived. Political systems
00:13:59 and inheritance laws also played crucial
00:14:01 roles. The Hapsburg dynasty which ruled
00:14:04 much of Germansp speakaking Europe
00:14:05 practiced intensive inbreeding to
00:14:07 preserve power within the family. This
00:14:09 created genetic conditions like the
00:14:10 famous Hapsburg jaw, a mandibular
00:14:13 protrusion caused by repeated expression
00:14:14 of recessive genes. Even more
00:14:17 significant was the Frankish practice of
00:14:18 Salic law which permitted inheritance
00:14:21 only through male lines. This legal
00:14:23 system gave enormous reproductive
00:14:25 advantage to elite males allowing a
00:14:27 small number of men to father children
00:14:28 with multiple women while excluding non-
00:14:31 elite males from reproduction. The
00:14:33 result Y chromosome HLA group R1BU106
00:14:37 associated with Frankish elites now
00:14:39 defines the majority of German male
00:14:40 lineages. A handful of successful
00:14:43 medieval families literally became the
00:14:44 genetic ancestors of millions. Did
00:14:47 culture, disease, and elite politics
00:14:49 decide which genes would dominate today?
00:14:51 The genetic evidence suggests these
00:14:53 forces were more powerful than migration
00:14:54 or natural selection in shaping modern
00:14:56 German DNA.
00:15:02 When genetic testing companies like 23
00:15:02 and me analyze German DNA, they don't
00:15:05 find one unified genetic population,
00:15:07 they find at least 49 distinct genetic
00:15:09 subgroups, each corresponding to
00:15:11 historical tribal regions, Alammani,
00:15:13 Saxons, Bavarians, Franks, Friezians,
00:15:17 Theians, and dozens more. Dr. Dr. Peter
00:15:20 Ralph's research on European genetic
00:15:22 structure reveals that Germany shows
00:15:23 more internal genetic diversity than
00:15:26 countries twice its size. This isn't
00:15:28 just regional variation. It's evidence
00:15:29 of distinct ancestral populations that
00:15:31 have maintained separate identities at
00:15:33 the genetic level for over a thousand
00:15:35 years. The regional paradoxes are
00:15:37 striking. East Fians who live in
00:15:39 northwestern Germany show closer genetic
00:15:41 relationships to Dutch populations than
00:15:43 to Bavarians in southern Germany.
00:15:45 Bavarians cluster more closely with
00:15:47 Austrians and even northern Italians
00:15:49 than with Saxons. Eastern Germans show
00:15:51 more genetic similarity to Poles than to
00:15:53 Western Germans. This creates a profound
00:15:55 question. Is German a DNA identity at
00:15:58 all or just a political construct
00:16:01 layered over Europe's genetic
00:16:02 crossroads? The answer appears to be the
00:16:04 latter. German is a linguistic and
00:16:06 political identity that unites
00:16:08 populations with dramatically different
00:16:09 genetic origins. Unlike island
00:16:11 populations or isolated groups that show
00:16:13 genetic uniformity, Germans are among
00:16:15 the most genetically diverse pop
00:16:17 populations in Europe. This diversity
00:16:19 creates advantages and challenges. On
00:16:21 one hand, genetic diversity generally
00:16:23 increases population health and
00:16:25 resilience. Germans show lower rates of
00:16:28 certain genetic diseases precisely
00:16:29 because their gene pool is so mixed. On
00:16:32 the other hand, this diversity means
00:16:33 there's no single German genome that can
00:16:36 be defined or studied. Every genetic
00:16:38 study of Germans must account for
00:16:40 massive regional variation that reflects
00:16:42 thousands of years of complex population
00:16:44 history. Modern nationalism often
00:16:46 assumes genetic unity underlying
00:16:47 cultural identity. But German DNA proves
00:16:50 that identity and genetics can diverge
00:16:52 completely. Millions of people who
00:16:53 identify as German carry Celtic, Slavic,
00:16:56 Roman, Scandinavian, or even Central
00:16:59 Asian genetic signatures that contradict
00:17:01 simple narratives of ethnic origin.
00:17:03 German DNA is a puzzle box, a fusion of
00:17:05 contradictions, anomalies, and legacies
00:17:08 from every corner of Europe and beyond.
00:17:10 It's not just strange, it's still
00:17:12 unsolved. Every genetic study raises
00:17:14 more questions than answers. Every
00:17:16 ancient DNA sample reveals another
00:17:18 impossible migration, another surviving
00:17:21 bloodline, another contradiction between
00:17:23 genes and identity. The German genetic
00:17:26 landscape is Europe's crossroads written
00:17:28 in blood. A place where every invasion,
00:17:30 every migration, every cultural shift
00:17:32 left permanent marks that science is
00:17:34 only beginning to read.
00:17:37 [music]
00:17:39 German DNA is a puzzle box, a fusion of
00:17:41 contradictions, anomalies, and legacies
00:17:44 from every corner of Europe and beyond.
00:17:46 It's not just strange, it's still
00:17:47 unsolved. Every genetic study raises
00:17:49 more questions than answers. Every
00:17:51 ancient DNA sample reveals another
00:17:53 impossible migration, another surviving
00:17:56 bloodline, another contradiction between
00:17:58 genes and identity. The German genetic
00:18:00 landscape is Europe's crossroads written
00:18:02 in blood. A place where every invasion,
00:18:04 every migration, every cultural shift
00:18:06 left permanent marks that science is
00:18:08 only beginning to read. We've journeyed
00:18:10 through 45,000 years of genetic history,
00:18:12 and contradictions keep multiplying.
00:18:14 What do you think explains these genetic
00:18:16 contradictions? Are you German or of
00:18:18 German ancestry? Share your family's
00:18:20 origin story in the comments. You might
00:18:22 be carrying bloodlines from places you
00:18:24 never imagined. If you found this
00:18:26 genetic mystery fascinating, subscribe
00:18:28 and hit that notification bell. We're
00:18:30 exploring the hidden genetic histories
00:18:32 that challenge everything we think we
00:18:33 know about European origins. And share
00:18:36 this video with anyone interested in
00:18:37 genetics, German history, or the
00:18:40 surprising truth about ancestry. Because
00:18:42 the more we learn about DNA, the more we
00:18:44 discover that human populations are far
00:18:46 more complex, mixed, and mysterious than
00:18:48 any national narrative has ever
00:18:50 revealed. Your genes tell stories.
00:18:52 Stories of survival, mixture, and
00:18:55 impossible journeys across continents
00:18:56 and millennia. The question is, are you
00:18:59 ready to discover what your DNA really
00:19:01 says about who you are? Thanks for