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- 0:17 Nubank's Strategic Acquisition of Daytomic: In 2020, Nubank acquired Cognitech and Daytomic, finding a deep alignment between Nubank's mission to simplify banking for Brazilians and Daytomic's philosophy of simplicity and software. This partnership has since led to significant growth in the Daytomic team.
- 1:06 Personal Experience of Nubank's Impact: The speaker recounts a challenging public transport experience in São Paulo where only Nubank's purple cards consistently worked at kiosks, illustrating the bank's profound and widespread impact on real people.
- 2:12 Unprecedented Growth and Efficiency: As of April 2025, Nubank serves 114.3 million users, an increase of over 20 million from 2023, sustaining an 83% activity rate. It boasts the lowest cost to serve globally among independent banks, adding nearly 13 million customers annually since 2015, with 80% of growth from word-of-mouth referrals.
- 3:24 Addressing Financial Exclusion: Nubank emerged in a Brazilian market characterized by high retail lending interest rates (often over 100% annually) and significant financial exclusion (45 million unbanked in 2017). For millions, Nubank provided their first credit card, savings account, or loan.
- 4:13 Massive Technical Scale: Nubank handles petabytes of data, operates over 3,000 Datomic databases (some with over 100 billion "datoms"), runs 4,000 microservices on Kubernetes, processes 72 billion daily Kafka events, and routinely manages millions of requests per second, all while adhering to strict banking compliance.
- 5:07 Nubank as a Tech Company: Recognized as more of a tech company than a bank, Nubank employs over 8,700 people, including 3,000+ engineers, across six countries.
- 6:27 Defining Scaling vs. Growth: The presentation differentiates between "growth" (increasing revenue by proportionally increasing resources) and "scaling" (increasing output while proportionally reducing resources), aligning with Nubank's value of "pursuing smart efficiency." Nubank's efficiency ratio is 29.9%, half the industry average.
- 8:00 Three Types of Scalability: Nubank focuses on:
- Architectural Scalability: Systems grow without redesign, staying performant under load.
- Performance Scalability: Increasing throughput without increasing latency or cost.
- People Process Scalability: Human problems don't hinder system development or deployment.
- 9:09 Datomic's Peer Model for Architectural Scalability: Unlike traditional databases that cluster/shard, Datomic employs a "peer model" where read operations are distributed among capable peer nodes. This allows for arbitrary horizontal scaling of reads and aggressive caching while maintaining consistency, reducing the load on a central monolithic server.
- 11:17 Performance Scalability with New Datomic Features:
- Transaction Stats and IO Stats: Built-in observability tools to measure and tune real-world performance.
- 15:36 Transactor Hints (First Implemented Oct 2024): This feature allows peers to speculatively determine and send necessary read requests to the transactor while transactions are queued, significantly reducing I/O on main threads and shortening latency (like curbside pickup for groceries).
- 17:15 Implicit Partitions (Released April 2023): Improves data locality by allowing applications to group entities, meaning queries can efficiently retrieve relevant data by reading fewer segments, leading to faster database performance (like a well-organized salad bar).
- 20:25 Conclusion: The Power of "Scaling Simplicity": Nubank's success, running on Closure and Datomic, is attributed to the alignment of its values (simplicity, smart efficiency, fanatical customer focus) with the underlying technology. This synergy enables thousands of engineers to ship safely, empowering millions with financial tools they previously lacked, with 74% of users reporting improved financial health.
- 23:40 Daytomic's Broader Impact and Resources: Daytomic operates as a product outside Nubank, serving other major clients like Netflix and HSBC. Resources for learning Datomic, including a YouTube playlist, free access, support, and monthly meetups, are highlighted.
- 0:05 British Reluctance, Series Focus: The video introduces the British cultural reluctance to discuss sex openly, setting the stage for a series that tackles the subject head-on, specifically focusing on "sex after porn obsession" in this episode.
- 0:25 Unrealistic Expectations from Pornography: Contributors discuss how pornography set "unrealistic expectations" for them regarding what sex should be, leading to disappointment in real-life experiences.
- 0:43 Porn as Self-Medication: One individual reveals using pornography to "medicate a lot of the emotions" related to childhood, social, educational, and familial pressures.
- 0:54 Inability to Stop: The feeling of being unable to stop watching porn, despite wanting to, signals a problematic dependency.
- 1:17 Increased Accessibility & Prevalence: Pornography, while ancient, is now more accessible than ever due to technology, with UK addiction treatment centers suggesting 8.8 million adults watch porn weekly.
- 1:40 Common Thread: Early Exposure: All interviewed participants started watching porn at a young age, influenced by factors like religious abstinence-only education, conservative cultural upbringings that avoided sex discussions, or coping with personal loss and puberty.
- 4:30 Research on Early Exposure: On average, children first see pornography at age 13, with 1 in 10 having seen it by age 9.
- 5:14 Progression to Dependency: What often starts as casual "exploration" can quickly escalate to a daily habit, leading to feelings of "dependency" rather than enjoyment.
- 6:36 Distorted Views of Sex and Relationships: Porn distorts views of sex, women, and real-life relationships, leading to complacency, the belief that "sex would solve most issues," and a lack of focus on deeper connection.
- 7:12 Disappointing First Experiences: Many shared experiences of disappointing first sexual encounters, as they didn't live up to the fantasies created by porn.
- 7:39 Porn's Impact on Behavior: Surveys suggest viewing online pornography can affect behavior, with potential correlations to aggression and coercion, and concerns about sexual violence depicted.
- 8:08 Unrealistic Portrayal of Sex: Participants initially believed porn was real, later realizing it's a performed, perfectly lit, and unrealistic depiction of sex that doesn't prioritize female orgasm.
- 9:19 Difficulty Being Present and Guilt: Long-term porn viewing can make it difficult to be present during real-life intimacy, leading to guilt, shame, and exhaustion.
- 9:50 Chasing a Constant High: The pursuit of a "constant high" from porn becomes uncontrollable, highlighting a deep-seated issue.
- 11:15 Porn Addiction Not a Formal Diagnosis: While not an official diagnosis, problematic porn use is treated by some practitioners as a compulsive sexual behavior disorder.
- 11:30 "Opposite of Addiction is Connection": Openly sharing struggles with porn with friends and trusted individuals can alleviate shame and secrecy, aiding in recovery.
- 12:41 The "Try to Stop" Test: A key indicator of unhealthy dependency is the inability to stop watching porn when one tries.
- 13:10 Redefining Sex and Intimacy: Some individuals chose abstinence journeys to reframe their understanding of sex, realizing sexual desire isn't always a "need" but sometimes a craving for other forms of connection or dopamine.
- 13:49 Rise of Celibacy: Voluntary celibacy is gaining traction, indicating a shift towards redefining sex and relationships on one's own terms, prioritizing safety, love, and intimacy over performance.
- 15:58 Impact on Relationships: Commitment and Cheating: Past porn use led to fear of commitment, treating partners as disposable objects, and prolific cheating without remorse for some.
- 16:36 Replaying Unhealthy Dynamics: Porn influenced choices in relationships, leading to patterns of engaging with "not very nice" partners and prioritizing performance over mutual enjoyment.
- 17:45 Possibility of a Healthy Relationship with Porn: Some studies suggest "romantic pornography" can improve sexual satisfaction. Re-engaging with porn differently, e.g., through sex toy reviews or audio porn, can aid in self-discovery without visual distortion.
- 18:45 Life and Sex After Obsession: Giving up problematic porn use improved connections, with participants agreeing that the negatives far outweigh the positives.
- 19:15 Importance of Open Conversations: Openly discussing porn can reduce guilt and shame, leading to support for those who want to stop and a better understanding for everyone.
- 19:48 Advice for Struggling Individuals: Find something "bigger than yourself" (partner, kids, changing life) to motivate stopping.
- 20:01 Support Resources: For those affected, help and support details are available at bbc.co.uk/actionline.
- 0:11:54 - Major Observatory Announcement: The live stream centers around an anticipated "huge announcement" from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory regarding its first images.
- 0:13:31 - Transformative Mission: The host emphasizes the observatory's upcoming decade-long mission as potentially one of the most important in recent years, capable of producing high-quality images and vast amounts of data.
- 0:15:13 - 20-Year Development & Scale: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory project took approximately 20 years to finalize and is described as having one of the world's largest telescopes and the most sensitive camera.
- 0:16:31 - Honoring Vera Rubin: The observatory is named after Vera Rubin, a pioneering astrophysicist who, by observing galactic rotation curves, provided crucial evidence for the existence of dark matter.
- 0:18:01 - Prime Location: Located on El Peñón Peak (2700m/9000ft) in Chile's Atacama desert, the observatory benefits from some of the best, clearest, and driest night skies globally.
- 0:22:17 - Wide Field of View: Unlike most telescopes, Rubin is uniquely designed to combine a wide field of view with high sensitivity, enabling it to scan vast areas of the sky rapidly without laser auto-correction.
- 0:24:05 - Core Scientific Pillars: The observatory's main scientific missions include:
- Studying dark matter through weak gravitational lensing.
- Investigating dark energy and the universe's expansion.
- Detecting transient events like novae and supernovae.
- Discovering and tracking millions of near-Earth asteroids and comets, critical for planetary defense.
- Mapping the distribution of stars and dark matter within the Milky Way, complementing missions like Gaia.
- 0:40:58 - Immense Data Generation: The telescope captures an image every 30 seconds, generating 10-20 terabytes of data each night. A single Rubin image is so massive it would require 400 4K HDTVs to display its full detail.
- 0:54:18 - LSST Camera - World Record Holder: The Department of Energy (DOE) led the construction of the LSST Cam, the largest digital camera ever built for astronomy, boasting 3200 megapixels and a Guinness World Record.
- 1:10:04 - First Images & Detail: The initial images, such as a partial view of the Virgo cluster, demonstrate unprecedented detail, revealing countless faint objects never before seen by humans.
- 1:21:01 - "Greatest Movie of All Time": Over its 10-year survey (Legacy Survey of Space and Time - LSST), Rubin will image each of its estimated 40 billion celestial objects approximately 800 times, creating a dynamic, digital color movie of the night sky.
- 1:24:52 - Asteroid Detection Prowess: Early tests from just a few nights of data yielded 2,000 new asteroid discoveries, including 7 near-Earth objects. The project projects finding 5 million new asteroids in the coming years, surpassing all previous discoveries in the last two centuries combined.
- 1:27:07 - Variable Star Mapping: Rubin's ability to precisely detect changes in brightness of variable stars (e.g., RLI stars, Cepheid variables) is crucial for accurately measuring cosmic distances and mapping dark matter distribution.
- 1:47:30 - Open Data & Citizen Science: The immense data will be accessible to researchers via a cloud-based Rubin Science Platform, and to the public through citizen science projects, fostering global participation in astronomical discovery.
- 2:02:51 - Anticipated Surprises: Beyond predicted discoveries like millions of asteroids and precise cosmological measurements, scientists anticipate finding "unknown unknowns," including potentially 10-20 new interstellar objects per year and even Planet 9 (if it exists in the southern sky).
- 2:10:41 - Oumuamua and Interstellar Objects: The discussion touched on the interstellar object Oumuamua, with the humorous remark that if it were to return, it would suggest an artificial origin. Rubin's observations are expected to provide a much larger sample of such objects for statistical study.
- 2:46:41 - Visual Superiority: A visual comparison of the Triffid Nebula strikingly illustrates the new Rubin image's incomparably higher quality and detail compared to previous observations.
- 2:51:32 - The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: While not a primary mission, the host, from a microbiology background, expresses skepticism about widespread alien life due to the biochemical complexity required, though acknowledges if found, it would most likely be on Mars or Jupiter/Saturn's icy moons.
identifier: 3578
model: gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000
host: 5.83.191.48
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kiuwsfCDFIinclude_comments: None
include_timestamps: 1
include_glossary: None
output_language: en
cost: 0.007496599999999999
*Abstract:*
This presentation explores how Nubank, the world's largest independent digital bank, achieves unprecedented scale and efficiency by leveraging Datomic and Closure. Beginning with the 2020 acquisition of Cognitech and Daytomic, the speaker highlights the foundational alignment between Nubank's mission to simplify banking and Daytomic's philosophy of simplicity. The talk details Nubank's rapid growth, serving over 114 million users with an exceptionally low cost-to-serve, largely driven by word-of-mouth referrals due to its impact on financial inclusion in Brazil. Technically, Nubank manages petabytes of data across thousands of Datomic databases and microservices, processing billions of daily events. The core of "scaling simplicity" is broken down into architectural, performance, and people-process scalability. Architectural scalability is exemplified by Datomic's peer model, which distributes read loads horizontally. Performance enhancements are demonstrated through new Datomic features like "transactor hints" and "implicit partitions," which reduce I/O and improve data locality. The presentation concludes by reinforcing the synergy between Nubank's values and Daytomic's design, enabling safe development by thousands of engineers and empowering millions financially.
*Scaling Simplicity: How Nubank Achieves Massive Scale with Datomic and Closure*
* *0:17 Nubank's Strategic Acquisition of Daytomic:* In 2020, Nubank acquired Cognitech and Daytomic, finding a deep alignment between Nubank's mission to simplify banking for Brazilians and Daytomic's philosophy of simplicity and software. This partnership has since led to significant growth in the Daytomic team.
* *1:06 Personal Experience of Nubank's Impact:* The speaker recounts a challenging public transport experience in São Paulo where only Nubank's purple cards consistently worked at kiosks, illustrating the bank's profound and widespread impact on real people.
* *2:12 Unprecedented Growth and Efficiency:* As of April 2025, Nubank serves 114.3 million users, an increase of over 20 million from 2023, sustaining an 83% activity rate. It boasts the lowest cost to serve globally among independent banks, adding nearly 13 million customers annually since 2015, with 80% of growth from word-of-mouth referrals.
* *3:24 Addressing Financial Exclusion:* Nubank emerged in a Brazilian market characterized by high retail lending interest rates (often over 100% annually) and significant financial exclusion (45 million unbanked in 2017). For millions, Nubank provided their first credit card, savings account, or loan.
* *4:13 Massive Technical Scale:* Nubank handles petabytes of data, operates over 3,000 Datomic databases (some with over 100 billion "datoms"), runs 4,000 microservices on Kubernetes, processes 72 billion daily Kafka events, and routinely manages millions of requests per second, all while adhering to strict banking compliance.
* *5:07 Nubank as a Tech Company:* Recognized as more of a tech company than a bank, Nubank employs over 8,700 people, including 3,000+ engineers, across six countries.
* *6:27 Defining Scaling vs. Growth:* The presentation differentiates between "growth" (increasing revenue by proportionally increasing resources) and "scaling" (increasing output while proportionally *reducing* resources), aligning with Nubank's value of "pursuing smart efficiency." Nubank's efficiency ratio is 29.9%, half the industry average.
* *8:00 Three Types of Scalability:* Nubank focuses on:
* *Architectural Scalability:* Systems grow without redesign, staying performant under load.
* *Performance Scalability:* Increasing throughput without increasing latency or cost.
* *People Process Scalability:* Human problems don't hinder system development or deployment.
* *9:09 Datomic's Peer Model for Architectural Scalability:* Unlike traditional databases that cluster/shard, Datomic employs a "peer model" where read operations are distributed among capable peer nodes. This allows for arbitrary horizontal scaling of reads and aggressive caching while maintaining consistency, reducing the load on a central monolithic server.
* *11:17 Performance Scalability with New Datomic Features:*
* *Transaction Stats and IO Stats:* Built-in observability tools to measure and tune real-world performance.
* *15:36 Transactor Hints (First Implemented Oct 2024):* This feature allows peers to speculatively determine and send necessary read requests to the transactor while transactions are queued, significantly reducing I/O on main threads and shortening latency (like curbside pickup for groceries).
* *17:15 Implicit Partitions (Released April 2023):* Improves data locality by allowing applications to group entities, meaning queries can efficiently retrieve relevant data by reading fewer segments, leading to faster database performance (like a well-organized salad bar).
* *20:25 Conclusion: The Power of "Scaling Simplicity":* Nubank's success, running on Closure and Datomic, is attributed to the alignment of its values (simplicity, smart efficiency, fanatical customer focus) with the underlying technology. This synergy enables thousands of engineers to ship safely, empowering millions with financial tools they previously lacked, with 74% of users reporting improved financial health.
* *23:40 Daytomic's Broader Impact and Resources:* Daytomic operates as a product outside Nubank, serving other major clients like Netflix and HSBC. Resources for learning Datomic, including a YouTube playlist, free access, support, and monthly meetups, are highlighted.
I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript.
Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0075
Input tokens: 20834
Output tokens: 1249
Abstract:
This presentation explores how Nubank, the world's largest independent digital bank, achieves unprecedented scale and efficiency by leveraging Datomic and Closure. Beginning with the 2020 acquisition of Cognitech and Daytomic, the speaker highlights the foundational alignment between Nubank's mission to simplify banking and Daytomic's philosophy of simplicity. The talk details Nubank's rapid growth, serving over 114 million users with an exceptionally low cost-to-serve, largely driven by word-of-mouth referrals due to its impact on financial inclusion in Brazil. Technically, Nubank manages petabytes of data across thousands of Datomic databases and microservices, processing billions of daily events. The core of "scaling simplicity" is broken down into architectural, performance, and people-process scalability. Architectural scalability is exemplified by Datomic's peer model, which distributes read loads horizontally. Performance enhancements are demonstrated through new Datomic features like "transactor hints" and "implicit partitions," which reduce I/O and improve data locality. The presentation concludes by reinforcing the synergy between Nubank's values and Daytomic's design, enabling safe development by thousands of engineers and empowering millions financially.
Scaling Simplicity: How Nubank Achieves Massive Scale with Datomic and Closure
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Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera
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Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g...
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mikeselectricstuff
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40 Comments
@robertwatsonbath
6 hours ago
Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to.
1
Reply
@Muonium1
9 hours ago
The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths.
4
Reply
1 reply
@tafsirnahian669
10 hours ago (edited)
Can this be used as an astrophotography camera?
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
6 hours ago
Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout
Reply
@2010craggy
11 hours ago
Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel.
1
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@vitukz
12 hours ago
A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it
2
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@RobertGallop
19 hours ago
That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps!
Reply
@Prophes0r
19 hours ago
I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source.
Very clever.
6
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@OneBiOzZ
20 hours ago
given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it
9
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@tekvax01
21 hours ago
$20 thousand dollars per minute of run time!
1
Reply
@tekvax01
22 hours ago
"We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park.
*(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!)
Reply
@florianf4257
22 hours ago
The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun).
12
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mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
12 hours ago
I didn't think of that, but makes sense
2
Reply
@douro20
22 hours ago (edited)
The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam.
1
Reply
@RicoElectrico
23 hours ago
PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet.
Reply
@dcallan812
23 hours ago
Very interesting. 2x
Reply
@littleboot_
1 day ago
Cool interesting device
Reply
@dav1dbone
1 day ago
I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy?
Reply
@kevywevvy8833
1 day ago
ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights.
1
Reply
1 reply
@bill6255
1 day ago
Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho
3
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@JAKOB1977
1 day ago (edited)
The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm
Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums.
Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels)
Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp
Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp
Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp
Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V)
Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V)
61.3 mm (Diagonal),
645 1.1x Optical Format
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Horizontal Outputs 4
Saturation Signal 40.3 ke−
Output Sensitivity 31 V/e−
Quantum Efficiency
KAF−50100−CAA
KAF−50100−AAA
KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens)
22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B)
25%
62%
Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e−
Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2
Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C
Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB
Estimated Linear Dynamic Range
(f = 18 MHz)
69.3 dB
Charge Transfer Efficiency
Horizontal
Vertical
0.999995
0.999999
Blooming Protection
(4 ms Exposure Time)
800X Saturation Exposure
Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz
Package Ceramic PGA
Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or
Clear Glass
Features
• TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode
for High Sensitivity
• Ultra-High Resolution
• Board Dynamic Range
• Low Noise Architecture
• Large Active Imaging Area
Applications
• Digitization
• Mapping/Aerial
• Photography
• Scientific
Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy
Reply
@martinalooksatthings
1 day ago
15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh
8
Reply
@RhythmGamer
1 day ago
Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix
1
Reply
@dine9093
1 day ago (edited)
Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there?
2
Reply
@NickNorton
1 day ago
Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting.
5
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@KeritechElectronics
1 day ago
Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty!
1
Reply
@YSoreil
1 day ago
The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild.
2
Reply
@snik2pl
1 day ago
That leds look like from led projector
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
TDI = Time Domain Integration ?
1
Reply
@wolpumba4099
1 day ago (edited)
Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout.
From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle
i guess it would be good for astrophotography
4
Reply
@txm100
1 day ago (edited)
Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped!
9
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper.
1
Reply
@MRooodddvvv
1 day ago
yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff !
4
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1 reply
@NoPegs
1 day ago
He lives!
11
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1 reply
Transcript
0:00
so I've stripped all the bits of the
0:01
optical system so basically we've got
0:03
the uh the camera
0:05
itself which is mounted on this uh very
0:09
complex
0:10
adjustment thing which obviously to set
0:13
you the various tilt and uh alignment
0:15
stuff then there's two of these massive
0:18
lenses I've taken one of these apart I
0:20
think there's something like about eight
0:22
or nine Optical elements in here these
0:25
don't seem to do a great deal in terms
0:26
of electr magnification they're obiously
0:28
just about getting the image to where it
0:29
uh where it needs to be just so that
0:33
goes like that then this Optical block I
0:36
originally thought this was made of some
0:37
s crazy heavy material but it's just
0:39
really the sum of all these Optical bits
0:41
are just ridiculously heavy those lenses
0:43
are about 4 kilos each and then there's
0:45
this very heavy very solid um piece that
0:47
goes in the middle and this is so this
0:49
is the filter wheel assembly with a
0:51
hilariously oversized steper
0:53
motor driving this wheel with these very
0:57
large narrow band filters so we've got
1:00
various different shades of uh
1:03
filters there five Al together that
1:06
one's actually just showing up a silver
1:07
that's actually a a red but fairly low
1:10
transmission orangey red blue green
1:15
there's an excess cover on this side so
1:16
the filters can be accessed and changed
1:19
without taking anything else apart even
1:21
this is like ridiculous it's like solid
1:23
aluminium this is just basically a cover
1:25
the actual wavelengths of these are um
1:27
488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what
1:32
the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh
1:34
the width of the spectral line say these
1:37
are very narrow band filters most of
1:39
them are you very little light through
1:41
so it's still very tight narrow band to
1:43
match the um fluoresence of the dies
1:45
they're using in the biochemical process
1:48
and obviously to reject the light that's
1:49
being fired at it from that Illuminator
1:51
box and then there's a there's a second
1:53
one of these lenses then the actual sort
1:55
of samples below that so uh very serious
1:58
amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics
2:01
okay let's take a look at this light
2:02
source made by company Lumen Dynamics
2:04
who are now part of
2:06
excelitas self-contained unit power
2:08
connector USB and this which one of the
2:11
Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface
2:14
USB wasn't used in uh the fluid
2:17
application output here and I think this
2:19
is an input for um light feedback I
2:21
don't if it's regulated or just a measur
2:23
measurement facility and the uh fiber
2:27
assembly
2:29
Square Inlet there and then there's two
2:32
outputs which have uh lens assemblies
2:35
and this small one which goes back into
2:37
that small Port just Loops out of here
2:40
straight back in So on this side we've
2:42
got the electronics which look pretty
2:44
straightforward we've got a bit of power
2:45
supply stuff over here and we've got
2:48
separate drivers for each wavelength now
2:50
interesting this is clearly been very
2:52
specifically made for this application
2:54
you I was half expecting like say some
2:56
generic drivers that could be used for a
2:58
number of different things but actually
3:00
literally specified the exact wavelength
3:02
on the PCB there is provision here for
3:04
385 NM which isn't populated but this is
3:07
clearly been designed very specifically
3:09
so these four drivers look the same but
3:10
then there's two higher power ones for
3:12
575 and
3:14
520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this
3:16
575 section there a p 24 which is
3:20
providing USB interface USB isolator the
3:23
USB interface just presents as a comport
3:26
I did have a quick look but I didn't
3:27
actually get anything sensible um I did
3:29
dump the Pi code out and there's a few
3:31
you a few sort of commands that you
3:32
could see in text but I didn't actually
3:34
manage to get it working properly I
3:36
found some software for related version
3:38
but it didn't seem to want to talk to it
3:39
but um I say that wasn't used for the
3:41
original application it might be quite
3:42
interesting to get try and get the Run
3:44
hours count out of it and the TTL
3:46
interface looks fairly straightforward
3:48
we've got positions for six opto
3:50
isolators but only five five are
3:52
installed so that corresponds with the
3:54
unused thing so I think this hopefully
3:56
should be as simple as just providing a
3:57
ttrl signal for each color to uh enable
4:00
it a big heat sink here which is there I
4:03
think there's like a big S of metal
4:04
plate through the middle of this that
4:05
all the leads are mounted on the other
4:07
side so this is heat sinking it with a
4:09
air flow from a uh just a fan in here
4:13
obviously don't have the air flow
4:14
anywhere near the Optics so conduction
4:17
cool through to this plate that's then
4:18
uh air cooled got some pots which are
4:21
presumably power
4:22
adjustments okay let's take a look at
4:24
the other side which is uh much more
4:27
interesting see we've got some uh very
4:31
uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there
4:35
a bunch of leads so we've got one here
4:37
475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520
4:44
filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to
4:48
see what's white is if we just shine
4:49
some white light through
4:51
here not sure how it is is to see on the
4:54
camera but shining white light we do
4:55
actually get a bit of red a bit of blue
4:57
some yellow here so the obstacle path
5:00
575 it goes sort of here bounces off
5:03
this mirror and goes out the 520 goes
5:07
sort of down here across here and up
5:09
there 630 goes basically straight
5:13
through
5:15
430 goes across there down there along
5:17
there and the 475 goes down here and
5:20
left this is the light sensing thing
5:22
think here there's just a um I think
5:24
there a photo diode or other sensor
5:26
haven't actually taken that off and
5:28
everything's fixed down to this chunk of
5:31
aluminium which acts as the heat
5:32
spreader that then conducts the heat to
5:33
the back side for the heat
5:35
sink and the actual lead packages all
5:38
look fairly similar except for this one
5:41
on the 575 which looks quite a bit more
5:44
substantial big spay
5:46
Terminals and the interface for this
5:48
turned out to be extremely simple it's
5:50
literally a 5V TTL level to enable each
5:54
color doesn't seem to be any tensity
5:56
control but there are some additional
5:58
pins on that connector that weren't used
5:59
in the through time thing so maybe
6:01
there's some extra lines that control
6:02
that I couldn't find any data on this uh
6:05
unit and the um their current product
6:07
range is quite significantly different
6:09
so we've got the uh blue these
6:13
might may well be saturating the camera
6:16
so they might look a bit weird so that's
6:17
the 430
6:18
blue the 575
6:24
yellow uh
6:26
475 light blue
6:29
the uh 520
6:31
green and the uh 630 red now one
6:36
interesting thing I noticed for the
6:39
575 it's actually it's actually using a
6:42
white lead and then filtering it rather
6:44
than using all the other ones are using
6:46
leads which are the fundamental colors
6:47
but uh this is actually doing white and
6:50
it's a combination of this filter and
6:52
the dichroic mirrors that are turning to
6:55
Yellow if we take the filter out and a
6:57
lot of the a lot of the um blue content
7:00
is going this way the red is going
7:02
straight through these two mirrors so
7:05
this is clearly not reflecting much of
7:08
that so we end up with the yellow coming
7:10
out of uh out of there which is a fairly
7:14
light yellow color which you don't
7:16
really see from high intensity leads so
7:19
that's clearly why they've used the
7:20
white to uh do this power consumption of
7:23
the white is pretty high so going up to
7:25
about 2 and 1 half amps on that color
7:27
whereas most of the other colors are
7:28
only drawing half an amp or so at 24
7:30
volts the uh the green is up to about
7:32
1.2 but say this thing is uh much
7:35
brighter and if you actually run all the
7:38
colors at the same time you get a fairly
7:41
reasonable um looking white coming out
7:43
of it and one thing you might just be
7:45
out to notice is there is some sort
7:46
color banding around here that's not
7:49
getting uh everything s completely
7:51
concentric and I think that's where this
7:53
fiber optic thing comes
7:58
in I'll
8:00
get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped
8:04
very sort of uniform color and looking
8:06
at What's um inside here we've basically
8:09
just got this Square Rod so this is
8:12
clearly yeah the lights just bouncing
8:13
off all the all the various sides to um
8:16
get a nice uniform illumination uh this
8:19
back bit looks like it's all potted so
8:21
nothing I really do to get in there I
8:24
think this is fiber so I have come
8:26
across um cables like this which are
8:27
liquid fill but just looking through the
8:30
end of this it's probably a bit hard to
8:31
see it does look like there fiber ends
8:34
going going on there and so there's this
8:36
feedback thing which is just obviously
8:39
compensating for the any light losses
8:41
through here to get an accurate
8:43
representation of uh the light that's
8:45
been launched out of these two
8:47
fibers and you see uh
8:49
these have got this sort of trapezium
8:54
shape light guides again it's like a
8:56
sort of acrylic or glass light guide
9:00
guess projected just to make the right
9:03
rectangular
9:04
shape and look at this Center assembly
9:07
um the light output doesn't uh change
9:10
whether you feed this in or not so it's
9:11
clear not doing any internal Clos Loop
9:14
control obviously there may well be some
9:16
facility for it to do that but it's not
9:17
being used in this
9:19
application and so this output just
9:21
produces a voltage on the uh outle
9:24
connector proportional to the amount of
9:26
light that's present so there's a little
9:28
diffuser in the back there
9:30
and then there's just some kind of uh
9:33
Optical sensor looks like a
9:35
chip looking at the lead it's a very
9:37
small package on the PCB with this lens
9:40
assembly over the top and these look
9:43
like they're actually on a copper
9:44
Metalized PCB for maximum thermal
9:47
performance and yeah it's a very small
9:49
package looks like it's a ceramic
9:51
package and there's a thermister there
9:53
for temperature monitoring this is the
9:56
475 blue one this is the 520 need to
9:59
Green which is uh rather different OB
10:02
it's a much bigger D with lots of bond
10:04
wise but also this looks like it's using
10:05
a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it
10:08
lights up green so this is actually a
10:10
phosphor conversion green lead which
10:12
I've I've come across before they want
10:15
that specific wavelength so they may be
10:17
easier to tune a phosphor than tune the
10:20
um semiconductor material to get the uh
10:23
right right wavelength from the lead
10:24
directly uh red 630 similar size to the
10:28
blue one or does seem to have a uh a
10:31
lens on top of it there is a sort of red
10:33
coloring to
10:35
the die but that doesn't appear to be
10:38
fluorescent as far as I can
10:39
tell and the white one again a little
10:41
bit different sort of much higher
10:43
current
10:46
connectors a makeer name on that
10:48
connector flot light not sure if that's
10:52
the connector or the lead
10:54
itself and obviously with the phosphor
10:56
and I'd imagine that phosphor may well
10:58
be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5
11:01
cenm and actually this white one looks
11:04
like a St fairly standard product I just
11:06
found it in Mouse made by luminous
11:09
devices in fact actually I think all
11:11
these are based on various luminous
11:13
devices modules and they're you take
11:17
looks like they taking the nearest
11:18
wavelength and then just using these
11:19
filters to clean it up to get a precise
11:22
uh spectral line out of it so quite a
11:25
nice neat and um extreme
11:30
bright light source uh sure I've got any
11:33
particular use for it so I think this
11:35
might end up on
11:36
eBay but uh very pretty to look out and
11:40
without the uh risk of burning your eyes
11:43
out like you do with lasers so I thought
11:45
it would be interesting to try and
11:46
figure out the runtime of this things
11:48
like this we usually keep some sort
11:49
record of runtime cuz leads degrade over
11:51
time I couldn't get any software to work
11:52
through the USB face but then had a
11:54
thought probably going to be writing the
11:55
runtime periodically to the e s prom so
11:58
I just just scope up that and noticed it
12:00
was doing right every 5 minutes so I
12:02
just ran it for a while periodically
12:04
reading the E squ I just held the pick
12:05
in in reset and um put clip over to read
12:07
the square prom and found it was writing
12:10
one location per color every 5 minutes
12:12
so if one color was on it would write
12:14
that location every 5 minutes and just
12:16
increment it by one so after doing a few
12:18
tests with different colors of different
12:19
time periods it looked extremely
12:21
straightforward it's like a four bite
12:22
count for each color looking at the
12:24
original data that was in it all the
12:26
colors apart from Green were reading
12:28
zero and the green was reading four
12:30
indicating a total 20 minutes run time
12:32
ever if it was turned on run for a short
12:34
time then turned off that might not have
12:36
been counted but even so indicates this
12:37
thing wasn't used a great deal the whole
12:40
s process of doing a run can be several
12:42
hours but it'll only be doing probably
12:43
the Imaging at the end of that so you
12:46
wouldn't expect to be running for a long
12:47
time but say a single color for 20
12:50
minutes over its whole lifetime does
12:52
seem a little bit on the low side okay
12:55
let's look at the camera un fortunately
12:57
I managed to not record any sound when I
12:58
did this it's also a couple of months
13:00
ago so there's going to be a few details
13:02
that I've forgotten so I'm just going to
13:04
dub this over the original footage so um
13:07
take the lid off see this massive great
13:10
heat sink so this is a pel cool camera
13:12
we've got this blower fan producing a
13:14
fair amount of air flow through
13:16
it the connector here there's the ccds
13:19
mounted on the board on the
13:24
right this unplugs so we've got a bit of
13:27
power supply stuff on here
13:29
USB interface I think that's the Cyprus
13:32
microcontroller High speeded USB
13:34
interface there's a zyink spon fpga some
13:40
RAM and there's a couple of ATD
13:42
converters can't quite read what those
13:45
those are but anal
13:47
devices um little bit of bodgery around
13:51
here extra decoupling obviously they
13:53
have having some noise issues this is
13:55
around the ram chip quite a lot of extra
13:57
capacitors been added there
13:59
uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior
14:01
to the HD converter buffers or Andor
14:05
amplifiers taking the CCD
14:08
signal um bit more power spy stuff here
14:11
this is probably all to do with
14:12
generating the various CCD bias voltages
14:14
they uh need quite a lot of exotic
14:18
voltages next board down is just a
14:20
shield and an interconnect
14:24
boardly shielding the power supply stuff
14:26
from some the more sensitive an log
14:28
stuff
14:31
and this is the bottom board which is
14:32
just all power supply
14:34
stuff as you can see tons of capacitors
14:37
or Transformer in
14:42
there and this is the CCD which is a uh
14:47
very impressive thing this is a kf50 100
14:50
originally by true sense then codec
14:53
there ON
14:54
Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the
14:58
only price I could find was this one
15:00
5,000 bucks and the architecture you can
15:03
see there actually two separate halves
15:04
which explains the Dual AZ converters
15:06
and two amplifiers it's literally split
15:08
down the middle and duplicated so it's
15:10
outputting two streams in parallel just
15:13
to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's
15:15
got this amazing um diffraction effects
15:18
it's got micro lenses over the pixel so
15:20
there's there's a bit more Optics going
15:22
on than on a normal
15:25
sensor few more bodges on the CCD board
15:28
including this wire which isn't really
15:29
tacked down very well which is a bit uh
15:32
bit of a mess quite a few bits around
15:34
this board where they've uh tacked
15:36
various bits on which is not super
15:38
impressive looks like CCD drivers on the
15:40
left with those 3 ohm um damping
15:43
resistors on the
15:47
output get a few more little bodges
15:50
around here some of
15:52
the and there's this separator the
15:54
silica gel to keep the moisture down but
15:56
there's this separator that actually
15:58
appears to be cut from piece of
15:59
antistatic
16:04
bag and this sort of thermal block on
16:06
top of this stack of three pel Cola
16:12
modules so as with any Stacks they get
16:16
um larger as they go back towards the
16:18
heat sink because each P's got to not
16:20
only take the heat from the previous but
16:21
also the waste heat which is quite
16:27
significant you see a little temperature
16:29
sensor here that copper block which
16:32
makes contact with the back of the
16:37
CCD and this's the back of the
16:40
pelas this then contacts the heat sink
16:44
on the uh rear there a few thermal pads
16:46
as well for some of the other power
16:47
components on this
16:51
PCB okay I've connected this uh camera
16:54
up I found some drivers on the disc that
16:56
seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't
16:58
get to install under Windows 11 though
17:01
um in the absence of any sort of lens or
17:03
being bothered to the proper amount I've
17:04
just put some f over it and put a little
17:06
pin in there to make a pinhole lens and
17:08
software gives a few options I'm not
17:11
entirely sure what all these are there's
17:12
obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low
17:15
gain and with PFG no idea what that is
17:19
something something game programmable
17:20
Something game perhaps ver exposure
17:23
types I think focus is just like a
17:25
continuous grab until you tell it to
17:27
stop not entirely sure all these options
17:30
are obviously exposure time uh triggers
17:33
there ex external hardware trigger inut
17:35
you just trigger using a um thing on
17:37
screen so the resolution is 8176 by
17:40
6132 and you can actually bin those
17:42
where you combine multiple pixels to get
17:46
increased gain at the expense of lower
17:48
resolution down this is a 10sec exposure
17:51
obviously of the pin hole it's very uh
17:53
intensitive so we just stand still now
17:56
downloading it there's the uh exposure
17:59
so when it's
18:01
um there's a little status thing down
18:03
here so that tells you the um exposure
18:07
[Applause]
18:09
time it's this is just it
18:15
downloading um it is quite I'm seeing
18:18
quite a lot like smearing I think that I
18:20
don't know whether that's just due to
18:21
pixels overloading or something else I
18:24
mean yeah it's not it's not um out of
18:26
the question that there's something not
18:27
totally right about this camera
18:28
certainly was bodge wise on there um I
18:31
don't I'd imagine a camera like this
18:32
it's got a fairly narrow range of
18:34
intensities that it's happy with I'm not
18:36
going to spend a great deal of time on
18:38
this if you're interested in this camera
18:40
maybe for astronomy or something and
18:42
happy to sort of take the risk of it may
18:44
not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll
18:47
stick this on eBay along with the
18:48
Illuminator I'll put a link down in the
18:50
description to the listing take your
18:52
chances to grab a bargain so for example
18:54
here we see this vertical streaking so
18:56
I'm not sure how normal that is this is
18:58
on fairly bright scene looking out the
19:02
window if I cut the exposure time down
19:04
on that it's now 1 second
19:07
exposure again most of the image
19:09
disappears again this is looks like it's
19:11
possibly over still overloading here go
19:14
that go down to say say quarter a
19:16
second so again I think there might be
19:19
some Auto gain control going on here um
19:21
this is with the PFG option let's try
19:23
turning that off and see what
19:25
happens so I'm not sure this is actually
19:27
more streaking or which just it's
19:29
cranked up the gain all the dis display
19:31
gray scale to show what um you know the
19:33
range of things that it's captured
19:36
there's one of one of 12 things in the
19:38
software there's um you can see of you
19:40
can't seem to read out the temperature
19:42
of the pelta cooler but you can set the
19:44
temperature and if you said it's a
19:46
different temperature you see the power
19:48
consumption jump up running the cooler
19:50
to get the temperature you requested but
19:52
I can't see anything anywhere that tells
19:54
you whether the cool is at the at the
19:56
temperature other than the power
19:57
consumption going down and there's no
19:59
temperature read out
20:03
here and just some yeah this is just
20:05
sort of very basic software I'm sure
20:07
there's like an API for more
20:09
sophisticated
20:10
applications but so if you know anything
20:12
more about these cameras please um stick
20:14
in the
20:15
comments um incidentally when I was
20:18
editing I didn't notice there was a bent
20:19
pin on the um CCD but I did fix that
20:22
before doing these tests and also
20:24
reactivated the um silica gel desicant
20:26
cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting
20:28
bit of condensation on the window but um
20:31
yeah so a couple of uh interesting but
20:34
maybe not particularly uh useful pieces
20:37
of Kit except for someone that's got a
20:38
very specific use so um I'll stick a
20:42
I'll stick these on eBay put a link in
20:44
the description and say hopefully
20:45
someone could actually make some uh good
20:47
use of these things
Example Output:
**Abstract:**
This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera.
The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime.
The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault).
**Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System**
* **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each.
* **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light.
* **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering.
* **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color.
* **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise.
* **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel.
* **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing.
* **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels.
* **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED.
* **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay.
Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it:
00:00:17 [Music]
00:00:17 So once upon a time as you all know Papa
00:00:21 New Bank acquired Cognitech and Daytomic
00:00:23 in 2020. Acquisitions can carry some
00:00:26 baggage, concerns about control,
00:00:29 direction, and values. But in this case,
00:00:31 there was something deeper. There was
00:00:33 actually
00:00:34 alignment. New bank had this mission to
00:00:37 simplify banking for Brazilians. And
00:00:39 that resonated with Donic's philosophy
00:00:41 of simplicity and software. It's a
00:00:44 shared commitment to reducing complexity
00:00:45 that made the partnership not only
00:00:47 workable, but powerful and
00:00:50 beneficial. So, since then, we've grown
00:00:52 the Dayic team considerably.
00:00:54 showing New Bake's commitment to the
00:00:56 product. That's me. I'm on the day talk
00:00:58 team now.
00:01:06 Yay. So last October I visited New
00:01:06 Bank's headquarters in Brazil for our
00:01:09 storage and databases all hands. Now I
00:01:12 am a seasoned traveler and one of my
00:01:15 personal values is independence. So
00:01:17 instead of sitting in Salo traffic,
00:01:20 which is the worst, just so bad, so bad,
00:01:25 I decided I wanted to take public
00:01:27 transport. You know, all my time in
00:01:28 Europe taught me
00:01:30 well. It was a terrible
00:01:33 idea. No one spoke English. We were
00:01:36 underground and my translation app
00:01:38 didn't work. I couldn't even read the
00:01:40 kiosk instructions. So I thought I was I
00:01:44 would try the classic strategy. I would
00:01:45 just notice what other and copy the
00:01:47 locals, see what they were doing. So I
00:01:49 posted up next to a kiosk so I could
00:01:51 study what buttons they were hitting and
00:01:53 copy the pattern. And I watched person
00:01:55 after person and some succeeded, some
00:01:58 failed, but the common denominator was
00:02:01 that every card with that iconic new
00:02:04 bank purple just worked.
00:02:12 And that may be anecdotal, but that was
00:02:12 the first time that I realized how
00:02:15 deeply we're impacting real people and
00:02:19 not just a few. As of April 2025, New
00:02:23 Bank serves 114.3 million users. We've
00:02:28 grown from 93.9 million customers in
00:02:31 2023 to
00:02:33 114.3, adding over 20 million users. We
00:02:37 ha we sustain an 83% activity
00:02:40 rate and despite rising total customer
00:02:43 base and sustained active customer base
00:02:45 we have some of the lowest cost to serve
00:02:48 as a bank
00:02:49 globally the lowest cost to serve
00:02:53 globally and we are an independent
00:02:56 bank. One of New Bank's values is
00:02:58 creating fanatical customers and this
00:03:01 customer- centric approach is what's
00:03:02 helped them become the biggest
00:03:04 independent bank in the world.
00:03:06 So since 2015, we've added nearly 13
00:03:09 million customers every year on average.
00:03:12 But here's what's
00:03:14 amazing is that 80% of that growth came
00:03:17 from word of mouth referrals
00:03:24 alone. Because before New Bank entered
00:03:24 the scene, retail lending in Brazil was
00:03:27 a game rigged against the average
00:03:29 individual. Interest rates on personal
00:03:31 loans of opt often topped 100% per year.
00:03:36 There was very low financial inclusion.
00:03:37 As recently as 2017, about 45 million of
00:03:41 Brazilians were
00:03:43 unbanked, under the grid, underbanked.
00:03:46 And before new bank credit access,
00:03:49 before new bank credit access was either
00:03:52 non-existent or just so prohibitively
00:03:56 expensive that so a most people just
00:03:58 didn't have it. And so for millions of
00:04:01 people, New Bank was their first credit
00:04:04 card, their first savings account, their
00:04:07 first
00:04:14 loan. What does that translate to in
00:04:14 technical terms
00:04:16 though? So we handle pabytes of
00:04:19 data. We have over 3,000 datomic
00:04:23 databases, some with a over a 100red
00:04:25 billion days. We have 4,000
00:04:28 microservices with Kubernetes. We
00:04:30 process 72 billion daily events via
00:04:34 Kafka and we routinely handle millions
00:04:37 of requests per second. And that's all
00:04:40 within complex baking compliance
00:04:41 regulations where the consequence of
00:04:43 getting it wrong isn't just a bad
00:04:45 performance review. The consequence is
00:04:47 going to jail.
00:04:58 So last week I was in Norway at NDC Oslo
00:04:58 and I met some folks from another
00:05:01 database that were really really excited
00:05:02 to talk to me and talk to the team and
00:05:04 they said that they were just last night
00:05:06 talking about New Bank and admiring how
00:05:08 we're really more of a tech company than
00:05:11 we were a bank and that's an astute
00:05:15 observation. We have as of there's a
00:05:18 recent report that dropped over 8,700
00:05:22 employees spread across six countries
00:05:25 and over 3,000
00:05:33 engineers. So let's talk for a second
00:05:33 about scalability and what that even
00:05:36 means because we are at a closure
00:05:37 conference. Here is the obligate Latin
00:05:43 root and we can see that means a ladder
00:05:46 used in
00:05:48 sieges. So scalability is the ability to
00:05:52 climb or ascend a ladder.
00:05:55 Okay. The thing is the definition of
00:05:58 scalability has evolved since
00:06:01 Latin. So much so there's even recently
00:06:03 been a scientific paper on it. This
00:06:05 paper looked to harmonize all the
00:06:07 definitions of scalability as a company
00:06:10 in scaling and scaling up and it looked
00:06:14 at 57 different articles to try and
00:06:16 define what scaling actually
00:06:19 means. So I was consuming all of the
00:06:23 literature on this and there was
00:06:24 something that stuck out this
00:06:27 distinction between growth and
00:06:30 scaling. Because growth is increasing
00:06:33 revenue, but at what cost? Well, any
00:06:36 cost. So, you're getting bigger, but
00:06:38 you're also proportionately increasing
00:06:39 your
00:06:40 resources. Growth is like walking on an
00:06:43 escalator in the wrong
00:06:45 direction. You may seem like you're
00:06:47 moving, but you're not actually
00:06:49 progressing very
00:06:50 far. Scaling, on the other hand, is
00:06:53 increasing your output, but
00:06:55 proportionally reducing your
00:06:57 resources. Scaling is riding the
00:06:59 escalator in the right direction.
00:07:03 And funny enough, that matches another
00:07:04 one of New Bank's
00:07:06 values, pursuing smart
00:07:13 efficiency. So, an efficiency ratio is a
00:07:13 financial metric that assesses how
00:07:15 effectively a company utilizes its
00:07:17 resources to generate revenue and
00:07:19 profits. It measures the ability of a
00:07:22 company to convert assets into income.
00:07:25 and it indicates how well they're
00:07:27 managing their operations and managing
00:07:29 maximizing their profitability. So, new
00:07:34 bank does amazing this
00:07:36 metric. In a recent report, they have a
00:07:40 29.9 efficiency rating when the industry
00:07:43 average is almost twice that.
00:07:49 So, how is New Bank keeping their cost
00:07:49 to serve down and operating so
00:07:53 efficiently, so
00:07:54 efficiently?
00:07:56 Well, I'm not qualified to speak on
00:07:58 much, but what I am qualified to speak
00:08:00 on is the different types of scalability
00:08:03 in the context of a fintech software
00:08:06 company because scalability isn't just
00:08:09 handling more new handling more users.
00:08:11 At
00:08:12 Newbank, we think about architectural
00:08:15 scalability, asking questions like, can
00:08:17 our systems grow without a complete
00:08:19 redesign? Does the architecture stay
00:08:21 performant under load? Which leads us to
00:08:23 performance
00:08:24 scalability? Can we increase the
00:08:26 throughput without increasing latency or
00:08:30 cost? And then we have our people
00:08:32 process scalability. Do human problems
00:08:34 cause your system to break or prevent
00:08:35 you from moving forward and you from
00:08:37 shipping?
00:08:46 That's just a cool slide I
00:08:46 made. That might be a new t-shirt. We'll
00:08:50 see. Okay. First, we're going to talk
00:08:52 about architectural
00:08:58 scalability. Oh, I didn't center the
00:08:58 div. Oh,
00:09:01 man. Okay. Traditional databases cluster
00:09:04 or shard to handle load, which
00:09:07 introduces coordination complexity.
00:09:09 Daytomic takes a completely different
00:09:10 approach. It does the peer
00:09:12 model. So in datomic the heavy lifting
00:09:16 of doing reads moves out and is
00:09:18 distributed among
00:09:19 peers. Peers are distributed application
00:09:23 nodes that can do things like run
00:09:25 queries, cache data locally, read
00:09:28 directly from storage, and submit
00:09:30 transactions to a central
00:09:33 transactor. So it flips the model where
00:09:35 the brain isn't the server anymore. each
00:09:38 peer is is capable. This model lets us
00:09:42 scale reads horizontally and cache
00:09:44 aggressively without breaking
00:09:47 consistency. So the goal of this model
00:09:49 is to reduce the load on a single
00:09:51 monolithic server and transfer the
00:09:53 burden of getting all the answers to all
00:09:56 the peer to a distributed peer model. So
00:10:00 imagine a big box store on Black
00:10:04 Friday. It's chaos. Hundreds of people
00:10:07 fighting over the same checkout lane.
00:10:09 That's like a monolithic system under
00:10:11 load. Now picture small bit small
00:10:14 business
00:10:16 Saturday. Dozens of independent shops
00:10:18 each handling their own customers.
00:10:20 That's the peer model. The work is
00:10:23 distributed and so the load is man the
00:10:25 load is manageable.
00:10:27 The peer model architecture is
00:10:29 arbitrarily horizontally
00:10:32 scalable. And I'm not going to talk much
00:10:35 about our storage layer today, but
00:10:38 something I found interesting in our
00:10:41 architecture is when I was first
00:10:43 learning programming, one of the cheat
00:10:45 codes that I would use to reason
00:10:47 something out was when in doubt,
00:10:49 abstract it out. And that's exactly what
00:10:51 we do with our storage layer. This means
00:10:54 we can integrate and sit on top of most
00:10:56 other storage layers. SQL, Postgress
00:10:59 were built with AWS in mind and that's
00:11:01 what Dubank uses. But you can use any
00:11:04 relational
00:11:05 database, anything with a key value
00:11:07 store that we can store segments
00:11:17 in. So in the pure model, you can
00:11:17 improve the performance of your system
00:11:19 by improving the performance of your
00:11:20 transactions. And there are several
00:11:23 features added to datomic in the last
00:11:25 year or so that improve the
00:11:27 observability and performance of
00:11:30 transactions. So the first is
00:11:32 transaction stats and IO stats and I
00:11:36 have colleagues that have a really
00:11:38 wonderful talk on this. Um there'll be a
00:11:41 link at the end the day most watch
00:11:43 mustwatch playlist.
00:11:46 Um but really this just provides
00:11:48 observability and it's how we can
00:11:51 demonstrate the value of the next two
00:12:00 features. Uh we have transactor hints
00:12:00 and implicit partitions. Transactor
00:12:02 hints improve read speed by
00:12:04 speculatively determining the reads
00:12:06 necessary for the transaction and then
00:12:08 sending that to the transactor. It
00:12:10 sounds complicated. It is not. Well,
00:12:12 maybe it is, but we'll make it simple.
00:12:16 Implicit partitions improve data
00:12:19 locality improving read performance for
00:12:21 operations that do reads like queries
00:12:23 and
00:12:25 transactions. And so now we had talked
00:12:28 about the peer architecture model. We
00:12:30 talked about peers
00:12:31 um and now we're going to have to talk
00:12:33 about transactors.
00:12:35 And I have to do this because when I
00:12:37 talk about performance scalability which
00:12:38 is the next part some of the techniques
00:12:40 improve performance by shortening the
00:12:43 latency of the
00:12:49 transactions. So this is my own personal
00:12:49 interpretation of our
00:13:04 We have our cool guy
00:13:04 transactor and we have our storage
00:13:06 later. Even looks like it's partitioned.
00:13:09 Well, huh.
00:13:12 Huh. So, we can see that the peers can
00:13:16 read from storage and we see the peers
00:13:18 write the
00:13:20 storage. So, we'll do a little bit of a
00:13:24 peer
00:13:25 review. Okay.
00:13:27 Each pier is a service node and every
00:13:30 pier has an address that points at a
00:13:39 transactor. There's only ever one cool
00:13:39 guy active transactor role per day
00:13:41 datomic instance. There's only one
00:13:45 machine being that guy. I mean, look at
00:13:47 that guy. There's one one of that guy.
00:13:49 Well, except when you have an optional
00:13:52 high availability backup.
00:14:00 So we're also we'll review storage real
00:14:00 quick. Storage pick your poison any key
00:14:02 value store. So okay when a peer in a
00:14:06 transactor connection is established the
00:14:08 transactor tells the peers yo here's
00:14:11 your
00:14:16 storage and the peers can read data
00:14:16 directly out of storage and then write
00:14:17 them to a cache such as green cache. And
00:14:20 this is done sequentially. First the
00:14:22 peer is like hey do I have
00:14:25 this and if it's not there then it's
00:14:28 going to pull it from storage and write
00:14:29 it to the cache. So the next time it's
00:14:31 in the cache for
00:14:33 us. Peers establish connections to
00:14:36 storage directly as directed by the
00:14:39 transactor and they pull information
00:14:42 from
00:14:48 storage. Pairs also submit transactions
00:14:48 to the transactor. A transactor's entire
00:14:51 purpose in life's entire goal in life is
00:14:54 to accept transaction data, commit valid
00:14:58 commit valid transaction data and tell
00:15:01 the peers what transaction data it has
00:15:03 committed. Now this is really overly
00:15:07 simplified
00:15:09 um because I just needed the context to
00:15:11 be able to describe to you Dayic hints.
00:15:16 Now, if you want a deeper dive, that
00:15:18 dayic mustwatch playlist contains a uh
00:15:22 talk by my colleague Joe Lane where he
00:15:25 that's a nitty-gritty deep talk for so
00:15:28 many boxes, so many architecture models.
00:15:29 You'll love it. It'll be great.
00:15:36 So in
00:15:36 October 2024 or the first implementation
00:15:40 of daytom kense appeared. It is a
00:15:42 scalable approach to identifying work
00:15:44 that needs to be done inside of these
00:15:47 transactions. This allows a system to
00:15:50 begin performing the IO for the
00:15:51 transaction while it's cued and that
00:15:55 takes advantage of otherwise wasted
00:15:57 time.
00:15:59 So we are reducing IO inside of our main
00:16:02 threads. So our utilization can reduce
00:16:06 dramatically which increases our
00:16:10 throughput.
00:16:17 So all you have to do is put in return
00:16:17 hints
00:16:19 true
00:16:25 and that will get attached to the
00:16:25 transactor.
00:16:27 So, if each service pier is a grocery
00:16:29 store, you can think of it like curbside
00:16:32 pickup or click and collect for the
00:16:36 transactor. And just like you can save
00:16:38 time by doing your grocery order ahead
00:16:40 of time and then having the grocery
00:16:42 store person do all, you know, they have
00:16:44 the shopping list and they do all the
00:16:46 shopping. All you have to do is pull up
00:16:48 and everything's ready and they put into
00:16:50 your car. By including return hints true
00:16:52 and getting the
00:16:54 hint, you're passing and passing it to
00:16:57 the transactor, giving them the shopping
00:16:59 list, you're placing your online order.
00:17:01 So all the transactor has to do is pull
00:17:04 up and it's
00:17:09 ready. Pretty
00:17:09 cool. Like I said, watch Joe's talk.
00:17:12 It's
00:17:13 nitty-gritty. So the next feature we're
00:17:15 going to talk about is implicit
00:17:18 partitions.
00:17:20 Oh, it was released on 420. That's nice.
00:17:23 Okay.
00:17:28 2023.
00:17:29 So, in
00:17:31 Daytomic
00:17:33 partitions allow applications to group
00:17:35 entities and gain control over data
00:17:47 locality. Data locality is how data is
00:17:47 physically distributed. Because when
00:17:48 you're looking for data, it's in a
00:17:50 physical
00:17:50 location. And if an application's data
00:17:54 is all over the place, um you know, it's
00:17:58 all mixed together. A query may struggle
00:18:00 to find results per storage read since
00:18:02 Dayic will have to read more segments.
00:18:04 It'll have to go into different aisles
00:18:06 of the store to find
00:18:08 things. On the other hand, if you've
00:18:10 used implicit partitions, queries can
00:18:13 efficiently retrieve relevant data. So
00:18:15 it can only pull it can pull a couple of
00:18:18 segments because all the information
00:18:20 that it wants is going to be kind of in
00:18:22 the same
00:18:23 area. So each implicit partition
00:18:25 corresponds to an entity ID and they
00:18:28 don't require a transaction to
00:18:31 create. And so if we return to our
00:18:35 grocery store
00:18:37 example, if you're doing your shopping
00:18:39 and you wanted to get you wanted a salad
00:18:42 because you're you're healthy, you've
00:18:44 turned over a new
00:18:45 leaf. And so you can go to the produce
00:18:50 aisle and get some lettuce. And then you
00:18:52 can go to the dressing aisle and get
00:18:54 some
00:18:54 lettuce. Get some lettuce. And then you
00:18:57 can go to the cheese aisle and get some
00:19:00 cheese. Or if you ever seen a nice salad
00:19:03 bar set up, that is what it's like
00:19:06 having implicit partitions. All you have
00:19:08 all the stuff that you want for your
00:19:10 salad is in one place because you've
00:19:12 said, "Hey, keep track of this.
00:19:20 So with implicit partitions when you
00:19:20 transact something new requery for data
00:19:22 datomic will pull fewer segments
00:19:25 reducing latency in leading to a much
00:19:28 faster
00:19:33 database.
00:19:33 So both of these both of these
00:19:37 features you can uh look out for you
00:19:40 know in the next the next six months in
00:19:44 closure camp we're having monthly doing
00:19:46 daytomic meetups we're doing mob
00:19:48 programming and we're probably going to
00:19:51 play around um with these features in
00:19:54 the next six months. So watch out for
00:19:56 that if you want to get your hands
00:20:02 dirty.
00:20:02 Okay. So Closure and Atomic are running
00:20:05 reliably on systems bigger than they've
00:20:08 ever have
00:20:10 before. And these systems are inherently
00:20:12 complex due
00:20:15 to banking compliance,
00:20:17 regulation. People are complex. Millions
00:20:21 of people trust us with their
00:20:23 hard-earned money.
00:20:25 And we're helping millions of people be
00:20:27 empowered with their
00:20:29 money. Like I said, New Bank is the
00:20:31 biggest independent bank in the world
00:20:33 and it runs on Closure and
00:20:40 Dayic. Recently, Daytomic added a couple
00:20:40 of new features. We talked about
00:20:42 transactor hints where the peers
00:20:46 speculate what segments a transaction
00:20:48 will need so the transactor can fetch
00:20:50 them
00:20:51 early which means less IO on the main
00:20:54 thread which is shorten lat shorter
00:20:57 latency and implicit
00:21:00 partitions which are autodistributed ID
00:21:03 ranges that improve data
00:21:06 locality kind of like going to the salad
00:21:09 bar um instead of going down every aisle
00:21:12 to find the ingredients so you don't
00:21:13 have to search the entire
00:21:15 store. How we recognize that these
00:21:18 features do improve performance is with
00:21:21 IO stats and transaction stats. These
00:21:24 are built-in observability tools to
00:21:26 validate, measure and tune real world
00:21:29 real world performance. So you can do
00:21:33 the scientific method as as recommended.
00:21:35 You can you can poke, you can prod, you
00:21:37 can experiment and you can see
00:21:40 um the effects
00:21:41 of your queries, your
00:21:48 transactions. So what does scaling
00:21:48 simplicity actually mean?
00:21:51 Well, in this
00:21:53 talk where we've talked about
00:21:55 architectural scalability and datomic
00:21:58 peer model and how it distributes a load
00:22:00 intelligently kind of like a town full
00:22:03 of wellorganized small
00:22:06 businesses kind of like
00:22:09 Germany instead of a single chaotic mega
00:22:12 store.
00:22:14 And our our architectural scalability in
00:22:17 the peer model enables services to grow
00:22:19 without creating new bottlenecks. So we
00:22:22 don't it's infinitely arbitrarily
00:22:26 horizontally scalable. Beautiful.
00:22:29 We also talk about performance
00:22:31 scalability and those features that I
00:22:33 just mentioned transaction hints and
00:22:34 implicit
00:22:36 partitions reduce I/IO and improve data
00:22:39 locality letting us hen letting us
00:22:41 handle billions of datoms, millions of
00:22:44 requests per second and
00:22:46 still reduce our cost to serve our cost
00:22:51 per
00:22:53 user. And then we have our people
00:22:55 process
00:22:57 scalability. New banks values
00:22:59 simplicity, smart efficiency and
00:23:01 fanatical customer focus. That aligns
00:23:04 perfectly with the philosophy behind
00:23:06 atomic enclosure and cognit. And that
00:23:10 alignment is part of what's made us so
00:23:13 successful together. That alignment
00:23:14 helps over 3,000 engineers ship safely.
00:23:17 and it helps millions of people access
00:23:19 financial tools that they never had
00:23:23 access to
00:23:24 before. In a poll, uh over 74% said that
00:23:29 new bank uh helped the helped their
00:23:32 financial
00:23:33 health. And so Papa New Bank signs the
00:23:38 paycheck, but Daytomic is still a
00:23:42 product outside of New Bank. New Bank is
00:23:44 one of our clients and we have other
00:23:47 clients from Netflix to the rare cancer
00:23:50 research center to other banks like
00:23:55 HSBC. Daytomic is scaling and new bank
00:23:59 is
00:24:00 scaling. And if you're curious how
00:24:02 Daytomic can help you scale too, we'd
00:24:05 love to help.
00:24:15 Um, well, clap. Yay. Done. I'm going to
00:24:15 do some more slides. That was the end of
00:24:17 [Applause]
00:24:24 the
00:24:26 Okay, the the rest of things um you
00:24:30 know, I'm just going to do some some
00:24:31 things to know, things to remember. So,
00:24:34 this is that dayic mustwatch YouTube
00:24:36 playlist. I'll get that up there.
00:24:38 Um, it's on my Lambda YouTube where I've
00:24:41 compiled all the greatest hits. Um, I
00:24:44 just want to remind you that Daytomic is
00:24:47 free to
00:24:48 use and we have a really, really good
00:24:51 support story. We have a ticketing
00:24:54 system that gets addressed for bugs. We
00:24:56 are, you know, working on developing
00:24:58 workshops and content to help people
00:25:01 experience success at Atomic. So, you
00:25:04 know, we'd love to talk to you all
00:25:06 about, you know, do taking these
00:25:08 educational opportunities with you or
00:25:11 your company or even your group of
00:25:12 friends if you want. Um, just talk to
00:25:15 me, talk to Robert in the yellow
00:25:18 here.
00:25:20 Um, we have the monthly mob programming
00:25:23 meetups in closure camp. um which I
00:25:27 facilitate the intro to closure on the
00:25:29 first Tuesday of every month and the
00:25:31 doing daytomic on the fourth Thursday or
00:25:36 last Thursday. Still
00:25:39 deciding. Um and I
00:25:43 would like to take a moment to thank um
00:25:47 the best banana manager ever,
00:25:51 Robert. He always wears yellow.
00:25:54 um a super badass leader, Cat Swatell.
00:25:59 It's so awesome having amazing
00:26:01 leadership. Her and Justin are great.
00:26:04 And most of all, I'd like to thank my
00:26:07 um my
00:26:10 teammates who wrote and explained a lot
00:26:12 of these resources. A lot, you know,
00:26:14 they empowered me to be able to learn
00:26:17 this so I can communicate it to you. And
00:26:19 that's the beautiful thing about being
00:26:21 on a team. Um Aldo who's over there in
00:26:24 the room in the green shirt. He's been
00:26:25 at New Bank for over five years, worked
00:26:27 with so many of the systems and um we've
00:26:30 been creating a lot of this workshop
00:26:32 content together. Um so if you have any
00:26:34 like more technical questions, Dr. Aldo,
00:26:36 raise your hand. There's Aldo. Haha,
00:26:38 you're on the spot
00:26:40 now. Um I'd also like to thank uh Darlay
00:26:44 who has written a lot around implicit
00:26:46 partitions.
00:26:48 Uh Joe Lane, Alex Readington, and Gotti
00:26:52 all, you know, helped me when I said,
00:26:54 "Oh god, what what have y'all done in
00:26:55 the last year?" I made a lot of promises
00:26:57 in that
00:26:58 abstract without knowing the answer to
00:27:01 that yet. Um so
00:27:05 yeah, thank and thank you all
00:27:09 for supporting me through the journey.
00:27:11 I've been friends with you all for a
00:27:13 while now, so the comeup has been fun,
00:27:15 right? Um, and I'm so excited I get to
00:27:18 actually enjoy the conference
00:27:20 now and it's going to be great.
00:27:24 Um, and so yeah, talk we have a
00:27:27 sponsorship table over there. Uh, we
00:27:29 want to know some things. Are you using
00:27:30 Daytomic? Why or why not? It's a
00:27:33 product. We're still developing it. I
00:27:34 have a product manager asking questions
00:27:37 that I need to like tell her the answer
00:27:40 to. So, give me the stuff I need to keep
00:27:43 coming back to these things. Okay.
00:27:46 Um, okay. I think I'm really done now,
00:27:48 unless anybody wants to do any more
identifier: 3577
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LybMhdgcIZkinclude_comments: None
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*Abstract:* This video explores the profound impact of pornography consumption on individuals' lives and relationships, featuring personal testimonies from people who began watching porn at a young age. It delves into how early, often unsupervised, exposure to pornography can distort perceptions of sex, relationships, and self-worth, leading to unrealistic expectations, feelings of shame, and even addictive behaviors. Participants share their experiences with problematic use, including using porn as a coping mechanism and the resulting struggles with intimacy, commitment, and genuine connection in real-life relationships. The discussion also touches upon avenues for recovery, such as open communication, abstinence, and redefining personal values regarding sex and intimacy, highlighting that a healthier relationship with sex, or even chosen celibacy, is possible after navigating the challenges of porn obsession. *Sex After Porn Obsession: Exploring the Impacts and Recovery* * *0:05 British Reluctance, Series Focus:* The video introduces the British cultural reluctance to discuss sex openly, setting the stage for a series that tackles the subject head-on, specifically focusing on "sex after porn obsession" in this episode. * *0:25 Unrealistic Expectations from Pornography:* Contributors discuss how pornography set "unrealistic expectations" for them regarding what sex should be, leading to disappointment in real-life experiences. * *0:43 Porn as Self-Medication:* One individual reveals using pornography to "medicate a lot of the emotions" related to childhood, social, educational, and familial pressures. * *0:54 Inability to Stop:* The feeling of being unable to stop watching porn, despite wanting to, signals a problematic dependency. * *1:17 Increased Accessibility & Prevalence:* Pornography, while ancient, is now more accessible than ever due to technology, with UK addiction treatment centers suggesting 8.8 million adults watch porn weekly. * *1:40 Common Thread: Early Exposure:* All interviewed participants started watching porn at a young age, influenced by factors like religious abstinence-only education, conservative cultural upbringings that avoided sex discussions, or coping with personal loss and puberty. * *4:30 Research on Early Exposure:* On average, children first see pornography at age 13, with 1 in 10 having seen it by age 9. * *5:14 Progression to Dependency:* What often starts as casual "exploration" can quickly escalate to a daily habit, leading to feelings of "dependency" rather than enjoyment. * *6:36 Distorted Views of Sex and Relationships:* Porn distorts views of sex, women, and real-life relationships, leading to complacency, the belief that "sex would solve most issues," and a lack of focus on deeper connection. * *7:12 Disappointing First Experiences:* Many shared experiences of disappointing first sexual encounters, as they didn't live up to the fantasies created by porn. * *7:39 Porn's Impact on Behavior:* Surveys suggest viewing online pornography can affect behavior, with potential correlations to aggression and coercion, and concerns about sexual violence depicted. * *8:08 Unrealistic Portrayal of Sex:* Participants initially believed porn was real, later realizing it's a performed, perfectly lit, and unrealistic depiction of sex that doesn't prioritize female orgasm. * *9:19 Difficulty Being Present and Guilt:* Long-term porn viewing can make it difficult to be present during real-life intimacy, leading to guilt, shame, and exhaustion. * *9:50 Chasing a Constant High:* The pursuit of a "constant high" from porn becomes uncontrollable, highlighting a deep-seated issue. * *11:15 Porn Addiction Not a Formal Diagnosis:* While not an official diagnosis, problematic porn use is treated by some practitioners as a compulsive sexual behavior disorder. * *11:30 "Opposite of Addiction is Connection":* Openly sharing struggles with porn with friends and trusted individuals can alleviate shame and secrecy, aiding in recovery. * *12:41 The "Try to Stop" Test:* A key indicator of unhealthy dependency is the inability to stop watching porn when one tries. * *13:10 Redefining Sex and Intimacy:* Some individuals chose abstinence journeys to reframe their understanding of sex, realizing sexual desire isn't always a "need" but sometimes a craving for other forms of connection or dopamine. * *13:49 Rise of Celibacy:* Voluntary celibacy is gaining traction, indicating a shift towards redefining sex and relationships on one's own terms, prioritizing safety, love, and intimacy over performance. * *15:58 Impact on Relationships: Commitment and Cheating:* Past porn use led to fear of commitment, treating partners as disposable objects, and prolific cheating without remorse for some. * *16:36 Replaying Unhealthy Dynamics:* Porn influenced choices in relationships, leading to patterns of engaging with "not very nice" partners and prioritizing performance over mutual enjoyment. * *17:45 Possibility of a Healthy Relationship with Porn:* Some studies suggest "romantic pornography" can improve sexual satisfaction. Re-engaging with porn differently, e.g., through sex toy reviews or audio porn, can aid in self-discovery without visual distortion. * *18:45 Life and Sex After Obsession:* Giving up problematic porn use improved connections, with participants agreeing that the negatives far outweigh the positives. * *19:15 Importance of Open Conversations:* Openly discussing porn can reduce guilt and shame, leading to support for those who want to stop and a better understanding for everyone. * *19:48 Advice for Struggling Individuals:* Find something "bigger than yourself" (partner, kids, changing life) to motivate stopping. * *20:01 Support Resources:* For those affected, help and support details are available at bbc-dot-co.uk/actionline. I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript. Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0074 Input tokens: 19987 Output tokens: 1267
Abstract:
This video explores the profound impact of pornography consumption on individuals' lives and relationships, featuring personal testimonies from people who began watching porn at a young age. It delves into how early, often unsupervised, exposure to pornography can distort perceptions of sex, relationships, and self-worth, leading to unrealistic expectations, feelings of shame, and even addictive behaviors. Participants share their experiences with problematic use, including using porn as a coping mechanism and the resulting struggles with intimacy, commitment, and genuine connection in real-life relationships. The discussion also touches upon avenues for recovery, such as open communication, abstinence, and redefining personal values regarding sex and intimacy, highlighting that a healthier relationship with sex, or even chosen celibacy, is possible after navigating the challenges of porn obsession.
Sex After Porn Obsession: Exploring the Impacts and Recovery
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Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera
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Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g...
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mikeselectricstuff
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40 Comments
@robertwatsonbath
6 hours ago
Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to.
1
Reply
@Muonium1
9 hours ago
The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths.
4
Reply
1 reply
@tafsirnahian669
10 hours ago (edited)
Can this be used as an astrophotography camera?
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
6 hours ago
Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout
Reply
@2010craggy
11 hours ago
Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel.
1
Reply
@vitukz
12 hours ago
A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it
2
Reply
@RobertGallop
19 hours ago
That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps!
Reply
@Prophes0r
19 hours ago
I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source.
Very clever.
6
Reply
@OneBiOzZ
20 hours ago
given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it
9
Reply
@tekvax01
21 hours ago
$20 thousand dollars per minute of run time!
1
Reply
@tekvax01
22 hours ago
"We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park.
*(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!)
Reply
@florianf4257
22 hours ago
The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun).
12
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
12 hours ago
I didn't think of that, but makes sense
2
Reply
@douro20
22 hours ago (edited)
The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam.
1
Reply
@RicoElectrico
23 hours ago
PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet.
Reply
@dcallan812
23 hours ago
Very interesting. 2x
Reply
@littleboot_
1 day ago
Cool interesting device
Reply
@dav1dbone
1 day ago
I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy?
Reply
@kevywevvy8833
1 day ago
ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights.
1
Reply
1 reply
@bill6255
1 day ago
Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho
3
Reply
@JAKOB1977
1 day ago (edited)
The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm
Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums.
Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels)
Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp
Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp
Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp
Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V)
Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V)
61.3 mm (Diagonal),
645 1.1x Optical Format
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Horizontal Outputs 4
Saturation Signal 40.3 ke−
Output Sensitivity 31 V/e−
Quantum Efficiency
KAF−50100−CAA
KAF−50100−AAA
KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens)
22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B)
25%
62%
Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e−
Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2
Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C
Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB
Estimated Linear Dynamic Range
(f = 18 MHz)
69.3 dB
Charge Transfer Efficiency
Horizontal
Vertical
0.999995
0.999999
Blooming Protection
(4 ms Exposure Time)
800X Saturation Exposure
Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz
Package Ceramic PGA
Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or
Clear Glass
Features
• TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode
for High Sensitivity
• Ultra-High Resolution
• Board Dynamic Range
• Low Noise Architecture
• Large Active Imaging Area
Applications
• Digitization
• Mapping/Aerial
• Photography
• Scientific
Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy
Reply
@martinalooksatthings
1 day ago
15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh
8
Reply
@RhythmGamer
1 day ago
Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix
1
Reply
@dine9093
1 day ago (edited)
Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there?
2
Reply
@NickNorton
1 day ago
Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting.
5
Reply
@KeritechElectronics
1 day ago
Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty!
1
Reply
@YSoreil
1 day ago
The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild.
2
Reply
@snik2pl
1 day ago
That leds look like from led projector
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
TDI = Time Domain Integration ?
1
Reply
@wolpumba4099
1 day ago (edited)
Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout.
From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle
i guess it would be good for astrophotography
4
Reply
@txm100
1 day ago (edited)
Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped!
9
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper.
1
Reply
@MRooodddvvv
1 day ago
yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff !
4
Reply
1 reply
@NoPegs
1 day ago
He lives!
11
Reply
1 reply
Transcript
0:00
so I've stripped all the bits of the
0:01
optical system so basically we've got
0:03
the uh the camera
0:05
itself which is mounted on this uh very
0:09
complex
0:10
adjustment thing which obviously to set
0:13
you the various tilt and uh alignment
0:15
stuff then there's two of these massive
0:18
lenses I've taken one of these apart I
0:20
think there's something like about eight
0:22
or nine Optical elements in here these
0:25
don't seem to do a great deal in terms
0:26
of electr magnification they're obiously
0:28
just about getting the image to where it
0:29
uh where it needs to be just so that
0:33
goes like that then this Optical block I
0:36
originally thought this was made of some
0:37
s crazy heavy material but it's just
0:39
really the sum of all these Optical bits
0:41
are just ridiculously heavy those lenses
0:43
are about 4 kilos each and then there's
0:45
this very heavy very solid um piece that
0:47
goes in the middle and this is so this
0:49
is the filter wheel assembly with a
0:51
hilariously oversized steper
0:53
motor driving this wheel with these very
0:57
large narrow band filters so we've got
1:00
various different shades of uh
1:03
filters there five Al together that
1:06
one's actually just showing up a silver
1:07
that's actually a a red but fairly low
1:10
transmission orangey red blue green
1:15
there's an excess cover on this side so
1:16
the filters can be accessed and changed
1:19
without taking anything else apart even
1:21
this is like ridiculous it's like solid
1:23
aluminium this is just basically a cover
1:25
the actual wavelengths of these are um
1:27
488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what
1:32
the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh
1:34
the width of the spectral line say these
1:37
are very narrow band filters most of
1:39
them are you very little light through
1:41
so it's still very tight narrow band to
1:43
match the um fluoresence of the dies
1:45
they're using in the biochemical process
1:48
and obviously to reject the light that's
1:49
being fired at it from that Illuminator
1:51
box and then there's a there's a second
1:53
one of these lenses then the actual sort
1:55
of samples below that so uh very serious
1:58
amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics
2:01
okay let's take a look at this light
2:02
source made by company Lumen Dynamics
2:04
who are now part of
2:06
excelitas self-contained unit power
2:08
connector USB and this which one of the
2:11
Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface
2:14
USB wasn't used in uh the fluid
2:17
application output here and I think this
2:19
is an input for um light feedback I
2:21
don't if it's regulated or just a measur
2:23
measurement facility and the uh fiber
2:27
assembly
2:29
Square Inlet there and then there's two
2:32
outputs which have uh lens assemblies
2:35
and this small one which goes back into
2:37
that small Port just Loops out of here
2:40
straight back in So on this side we've
2:42
got the electronics which look pretty
2:44
straightforward we've got a bit of power
2:45
supply stuff over here and we've got
2:48
separate drivers for each wavelength now
2:50
interesting this is clearly been very
2:52
specifically made for this application
2:54
you I was half expecting like say some
2:56
generic drivers that could be used for a
2:58
number of different things but actually
3:00
literally specified the exact wavelength
3:02
on the PCB there is provision here for
3:04
385 NM which isn't populated but this is
3:07
clearly been designed very specifically
3:09
so these four drivers look the same but
3:10
then there's two higher power ones for
3:12
575 and
3:14
520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this
3:16
575 section there a p 24 which is
3:20
providing USB interface USB isolator the
3:23
USB interface just presents as a comport
3:26
I did have a quick look but I didn't
3:27
actually get anything sensible um I did
3:29
dump the Pi code out and there's a few
3:31
you a few sort of commands that you
3:32
could see in text but I didn't actually
3:34
manage to get it working properly I
3:36
found some software for related version
3:38
but it didn't seem to want to talk to it
3:39
but um I say that wasn't used for the
3:41
original application it might be quite
3:42
interesting to get try and get the Run
3:44
hours count out of it and the TTL
3:46
interface looks fairly straightforward
3:48
we've got positions for six opto
3:50
isolators but only five five are
3:52
installed so that corresponds with the
3:54
unused thing so I think this hopefully
3:56
should be as simple as just providing a
3:57
ttrl signal for each color to uh enable
4:00
it a big heat sink here which is there I
4:03
think there's like a big S of metal
4:04
plate through the middle of this that
4:05
all the leads are mounted on the other
4:07
side so this is heat sinking it with a
4:09
air flow from a uh just a fan in here
4:13
obviously don't have the air flow
4:14
anywhere near the Optics so conduction
4:17
cool through to this plate that's then
4:18
uh air cooled got some pots which are
4:21
presumably power
4:22
adjustments okay let's take a look at
4:24
the other side which is uh much more
4:27
interesting see we've got some uh very
4:31
uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there
4:35
a bunch of leads so we've got one here
4:37
475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520
4:44
filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to
4:48
see what's white is if we just shine
4:49
some white light through
4:51
here not sure how it is is to see on the
4:54
camera but shining white light we do
4:55
actually get a bit of red a bit of blue
4:57
some yellow here so the obstacle path
5:00
575 it goes sort of here bounces off
5:03
this mirror and goes out the 520 goes
5:07
sort of down here across here and up
5:09
there 630 goes basically straight
5:13
through
5:15
430 goes across there down there along
5:17
there and the 475 goes down here and
5:20
left this is the light sensing thing
5:22
think here there's just a um I think
5:24
there a photo diode or other sensor
5:26
haven't actually taken that off and
5:28
everything's fixed down to this chunk of
5:31
aluminium which acts as the heat
5:32
spreader that then conducts the heat to
5:33
the back side for the heat
5:35
sink and the actual lead packages all
5:38
look fairly similar except for this one
5:41
on the 575 which looks quite a bit more
5:44
substantial big spay
5:46
Terminals and the interface for this
5:48
turned out to be extremely simple it's
5:50
literally a 5V TTL level to enable each
5:54
color doesn't seem to be any tensity
5:56
control but there are some additional
5:58
pins on that connector that weren't used
5:59
in the through time thing so maybe
6:01
there's some extra lines that control
6:02
that I couldn't find any data on this uh
6:05
unit and the um their current product
6:07
range is quite significantly different
6:09
so we've got the uh blue these
6:13
might may well be saturating the camera
6:16
so they might look a bit weird so that's
6:17
the 430
6:18
blue the 575
6:24
yellow uh
6:26
475 light blue
6:29
the uh 520
6:31
green and the uh 630 red now one
6:36
interesting thing I noticed for the
6:39
575 it's actually it's actually using a
6:42
white lead and then filtering it rather
6:44
than using all the other ones are using
6:46
leads which are the fundamental colors
6:47
but uh this is actually doing white and
6:50
it's a combination of this filter and
6:52
the dichroic mirrors that are turning to
6:55
Yellow if we take the filter out and a
6:57
lot of the a lot of the um blue content
7:00
is going this way the red is going
7:02
straight through these two mirrors so
7:05
this is clearly not reflecting much of
7:08
that so we end up with the yellow coming
7:10
out of uh out of there which is a fairly
7:14
light yellow color which you don't
7:16
really see from high intensity leads so
7:19
that's clearly why they've used the
7:20
white to uh do this power consumption of
7:23
the white is pretty high so going up to
7:25
about 2 and 1 half amps on that color
7:27
whereas most of the other colors are
7:28
only drawing half an amp or so at 24
7:30
volts the uh the green is up to about
7:32
1.2 but say this thing is uh much
7:35
brighter and if you actually run all the
7:38
colors at the same time you get a fairly
7:41
reasonable um looking white coming out
7:43
of it and one thing you might just be
7:45
out to notice is there is some sort
7:46
color banding around here that's not
7:49
getting uh everything s completely
7:51
concentric and I think that's where this
7:53
fiber optic thing comes
7:58
in I'll
8:00
get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped
8:04
very sort of uniform color and looking
8:06
at What's um inside here we've basically
8:09
just got this Square Rod so this is
8:12
clearly yeah the lights just bouncing
8:13
off all the all the various sides to um
8:16
get a nice uniform illumination uh this
8:19
back bit looks like it's all potted so
8:21
nothing I really do to get in there I
8:24
think this is fiber so I have come
8:26
across um cables like this which are
8:27
liquid fill but just looking through the
8:30
end of this it's probably a bit hard to
8:31
see it does look like there fiber ends
8:34
going going on there and so there's this
8:36
feedback thing which is just obviously
8:39
compensating for the any light losses
8:41
through here to get an accurate
8:43
representation of uh the light that's
8:45
been launched out of these two
8:47
fibers and you see uh
8:49
these have got this sort of trapezium
8:54
shape light guides again it's like a
8:56
sort of acrylic or glass light guide
9:00
guess projected just to make the right
9:03
rectangular
9:04
shape and look at this Center assembly
9:07
um the light output doesn't uh change
9:10
whether you feed this in or not so it's
9:11
clear not doing any internal Clos Loop
9:14
control obviously there may well be some
9:16
facility for it to do that but it's not
9:17
being used in this
9:19
application and so this output just
9:21
produces a voltage on the uh outle
9:24
connector proportional to the amount of
9:26
light that's present so there's a little
9:28
diffuser in the back there
9:30
and then there's just some kind of uh
9:33
Optical sensor looks like a
9:35
chip looking at the lead it's a very
9:37
small package on the PCB with this lens
9:40
assembly over the top and these look
9:43
like they're actually on a copper
9:44
Metalized PCB for maximum thermal
9:47
performance and yeah it's a very small
9:49
package looks like it's a ceramic
9:51
package and there's a thermister there
9:53
for temperature monitoring this is the
9:56
475 blue one this is the 520 need to
9:59
Green which is uh rather different OB
10:02
it's a much bigger D with lots of bond
10:04
wise but also this looks like it's using
10:05
a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it
10:08
lights up green so this is actually a
10:10
phosphor conversion green lead which
10:12
I've I've come across before they want
10:15
that specific wavelength so they may be
10:17
easier to tune a phosphor than tune the
10:20
um semiconductor material to get the uh
10:23
right right wavelength from the lead
10:24
directly uh red 630 similar size to the
10:28
blue one or does seem to have a uh a
10:31
lens on top of it there is a sort of red
10:33
coloring to
10:35
the die but that doesn't appear to be
10:38
fluorescent as far as I can
10:39
tell and the white one again a little
10:41
bit different sort of much higher
10:43
current
10:46
connectors a makeer name on that
10:48
connector flot light not sure if that's
10:52
the connector or the lead
10:54
itself and obviously with the phosphor
10:56
and I'd imagine that phosphor may well
10:58
be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5
11:01
cenm and actually this white one looks
11:04
like a St fairly standard product I just
11:06
found it in Mouse made by luminous
11:09
devices in fact actually I think all
11:11
these are based on various luminous
11:13
devices modules and they're you take
11:17
looks like they taking the nearest
11:18
wavelength and then just using these
11:19
filters to clean it up to get a precise
11:22
uh spectral line out of it so quite a
11:25
nice neat and um extreme
11:30
bright light source uh sure I've got any
11:33
particular use for it so I think this
11:35
might end up on
11:36
eBay but uh very pretty to look out and
11:40
without the uh risk of burning your eyes
11:43
out like you do with lasers so I thought
11:45
it would be interesting to try and
11:46
figure out the runtime of this things
11:48
like this we usually keep some sort
11:49
record of runtime cuz leads degrade over
11:51
time I couldn't get any software to work
11:52
through the USB face but then had a
11:54
thought probably going to be writing the
11:55
runtime periodically to the e s prom so
11:58
I just just scope up that and noticed it
12:00
was doing right every 5 minutes so I
12:02
just ran it for a while periodically
12:04
reading the E squ I just held the pick
12:05
in in reset and um put clip over to read
12:07
the square prom and found it was writing
12:10
one location per color every 5 minutes
12:12
so if one color was on it would write
12:14
that location every 5 minutes and just
12:16
increment it by one so after doing a few
12:18
tests with different colors of different
12:19
time periods it looked extremely
12:21
straightforward it's like a four bite
12:22
count for each color looking at the
12:24
original data that was in it all the
12:26
colors apart from Green were reading
12:28
zero and the green was reading four
12:30
indicating a total 20 minutes run time
12:32
ever if it was turned on run for a short
12:34
time then turned off that might not have
12:36
been counted but even so indicates this
12:37
thing wasn't used a great deal the whole
12:40
s process of doing a run can be several
12:42
hours but it'll only be doing probably
12:43
the Imaging at the end of that so you
12:46
wouldn't expect to be running for a long
12:47
time but say a single color for 20
12:50
minutes over its whole lifetime does
12:52
seem a little bit on the low side okay
12:55
let's look at the camera un fortunately
12:57
I managed to not record any sound when I
12:58
did this it's also a couple of months
13:00
ago so there's going to be a few details
13:02
that I've forgotten so I'm just going to
13:04
dub this over the original footage so um
13:07
take the lid off see this massive great
13:10
heat sink so this is a pel cool camera
13:12
we've got this blower fan producing a
13:14
fair amount of air flow through
13:16
it the connector here there's the ccds
13:19
mounted on the board on the
13:24
right this unplugs so we've got a bit of
13:27
power supply stuff on here
13:29
USB interface I think that's the Cyprus
13:32
microcontroller High speeded USB
13:34
interface there's a zyink spon fpga some
13:40
RAM and there's a couple of ATD
13:42
converters can't quite read what those
13:45
those are but anal
13:47
devices um little bit of bodgery around
13:51
here extra decoupling obviously they
13:53
have having some noise issues this is
13:55
around the ram chip quite a lot of extra
13:57
capacitors been added there
13:59
uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior
14:01
to the HD converter buffers or Andor
14:05
amplifiers taking the CCD
14:08
signal um bit more power spy stuff here
14:11
this is probably all to do with
14:12
generating the various CCD bias voltages
14:14
they uh need quite a lot of exotic
14:18
voltages next board down is just a
14:20
shield and an interconnect
14:24
boardly shielding the power supply stuff
14:26
from some the more sensitive an log
14:28
stuff
14:31
and this is the bottom board which is
14:32
just all power supply
14:34
stuff as you can see tons of capacitors
14:37
or Transformer in
14:42
there and this is the CCD which is a uh
14:47
very impressive thing this is a kf50 100
14:50
originally by true sense then codec
14:53
there ON
14:54
Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the
14:58
only price I could find was this one
15:00
5,000 bucks and the architecture you can
15:03
see there actually two separate halves
15:04
which explains the Dual AZ converters
15:06
and two amplifiers it's literally split
15:08
down the middle and duplicated so it's
15:10
outputting two streams in parallel just
15:13
to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's
15:15
got this amazing um diffraction effects
15:18
it's got micro lenses over the pixel so
15:20
there's there's a bit more Optics going
15:22
on than on a normal
15:25
sensor few more bodges on the CCD board
15:28
including this wire which isn't really
15:29
tacked down very well which is a bit uh
15:32
bit of a mess quite a few bits around
15:34
this board where they've uh tacked
15:36
various bits on which is not super
15:38
impressive looks like CCD drivers on the
15:40
left with those 3 ohm um damping
15:43
resistors on the
15:47
output get a few more little bodges
15:50
around here some of
15:52
the and there's this separator the
15:54
silica gel to keep the moisture down but
15:56
there's this separator that actually
15:58
appears to be cut from piece of
15:59
antistatic
16:04
bag and this sort of thermal block on
16:06
top of this stack of three pel Cola
16:12
modules so as with any Stacks they get
16:16
um larger as they go back towards the
16:18
heat sink because each P's got to not
16:20
only take the heat from the previous but
16:21
also the waste heat which is quite
16:27
significant you see a little temperature
16:29
sensor here that copper block which
16:32
makes contact with the back of the
16:37
CCD and this's the back of the
16:40
pelas this then contacts the heat sink
16:44
on the uh rear there a few thermal pads
16:46
as well for some of the other power
16:47
components on this
16:51
PCB okay I've connected this uh camera
16:54
up I found some drivers on the disc that
16:56
seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't
16:58
get to install under Windows 11 though
17:01
um in the absence of any sort of lens or
17:03
being bothered to the proper amount I've
17:04
just put some f over it and put a little
17:06
pin in there to make a pinhole lens and
17:08
software gives a few options I'm not
17:11
entirely sure what all these are there's
17:12
obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low
17:15
gain and with PFG no idea what that is
17:19
something something game programmable
17:20
Something game perhaps ver exposure
17:23
types I think focus is just like a
17:25
continuous grab until you tell it to
17:27
stop not entirely sure all these options
17:30
are obviously exposure time uh triggers
17:33
there ex external hardware trigger inut
17:35
you just trigger using a um thing on
17:37
screen so the resolution is 8176 by
17:40
6132 and you can actually bin those
17:42
where you combine multiple pixels to get
17:46
increased gain at the expense of lower
17:48
resolution down this is a 10sec exposure
17:51
obviously of the pin hole it's very uh
17:53
intensitive so we just stand still now
17:56
downloading it there's the uh exposure
17:59
so when it's
18:01
um there's a little status thing down
18:03
here so that tells you the um exposure
18:07
[Applause]
18:09
time it's this is just it
18:15
downloading um it is quite I'm seeing
18:18
quite a lot like smearing I think that I
18:20
don't know whether that's just due to
18:21
pixels overloading or something else I
18:24
mean yeah it's not it's not um out of
18:26
the question that there's something not
18:27
totally right about this camera
18:28
certainly was bodge wise on there um I
18:31
don't I'd imagine a camera like this
18:32
it's got a fairly narrow range of
18:34
intensities that it's happy with I'm not
18:36
going to spend a great deal of time on
18:38
this if you're interested in this camera
18:40
maybe for astronomy or something and
18:42
happy to sort of take the risk of it may
18:44
not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll
18:47
stick this on eBay along with the
18:48
Illuminator I'll put a link down in the
18:50
description to the listing take your
18:52
chances to grab a bargain so for example
18:54
here we see this vertical streaking so
18:56
I'm not sure how normal that is this is
18:58
on fairly bright scene looking out the
19:02
window if I cut the exposure time down
19:04
on that it's now 1 second
19:07
exposure again most of the image
19:09
disappears again this is looks like it's
19:11
possibly over still overloading here go
19:14
that go down to say say quarter a
19:16
second so again I think there might be
19:19
some Auto gain control going on here um
19:21
this is with the PFG option let's try
19:23
turning that off and see what
19:25
happens so I'm not sure this is actually
19:27
more streaking or which just it's
19:29
cranked up the gain all the dis display
19:31
gray scale to show what um you know the
19:33
range of things that it's captured
19:36
there's one of one of 12 things in the
19:38
software there's um you can see of you
19:40
can't seem to read out the temperature
19:42
of the pelta cooler but you can set the
19:44
temperature and if you said it's a
19:46
different temperature you see the power
19:48
consumption jump up running the cooler
19:50
to get the temperature you requested but
19:52
I can't see anything anywhere that tells
19:54
you whether the cool is at the at the
19:56
temperature other than the power
19:57
consumption going down and there's no
19:59
temperature read out
20:03
here and just some yeah this is just
20:05
sort of very basic software I'm sure
20:07
there's like an API for more
20:09
sophisticated
20:10
applications but so if you know anything
20:12
more about these cameras please um stick
20:14
in the
20:15
comments um incidentally when I was
20:18
editing I didn't notice there was a bent
20:19
pin on the um CCD but I did fix that
20:22
before doing these tests and also
20:24
reactivated the um silica gel desicant
20:26
cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting
20:28
bit of condensation on the window but um
20:31
yeah so a couple of uh interesting but
20:34
maybe not particularly uh useful pieces
20:37
of Kit except for someone that's got a
20:38
very specific use so um I'll stick a
20:42
I'll stick these on eBay put a link in
20:44
the description and say hopefully
20:45
someone could actually make some uh good
20:47
use of these things
Example Output:
**Abstract:**
This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera.
The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime.
The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault).
**Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System**
* **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each.
* **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light.
* **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering.
* **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color.
* **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise.
* **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel.
* **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing.
* **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels.
* **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED.
* **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay.
Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it:
00:00:05 Sex. It's everywhere you look. It's a
00:00:05 huge part of our culture, but us Brits
00:00:08 tend to be tight lipped when it comes to
00:00:10 opening up about our personal sex lives.
00:00:13 Until now. I ended up masturbating from
00:00:15 like the age of 15. I just thought sex
00:00:18 would solve most issues. It did for a
00:00:20 while until you realize people want way
00:00:22 more than just sex. In this series,
00:00:25 we're tackling the subject head on. I
00:00:27 think pornography had set a lot of
00:00:29 unrealistic expectations for me of what
00:00:32 sex was. Hugh Hefner used to call it
00:00:34 like tits on a stick and I'm not really
00:00:36 built like that. In this episode, we're
00:00:39 confronting the impact that watching
00:00:41 pornography has had on some people's
00:00:43 lives. I used pornography to really
00:00:47 medicate a lot of the emotions that I
00:00:49 had towards my childhood, towards the
00:00:51 pressures that I was feeling at the
00:00:53 time. No matter what I tried to do, I
00:00:55 could not stop watching it. That's when
00:00:57 I knew there was something up. Nothing
00:00:59 is off limits. When I used to watch it
00:01:01 morning, noon, and night pretty much to
00:01:04 the point where um I was just exhausted.
00:01:08 This is sex after porn obsession.
00:01:12 [Music]
00:01:17 From the ancient Egyptians to the
00:01:17 Victorians, from lads mags to online sex
00:01:21 platforms, people have been viewing porn
00:01:23 for centuries. It's nothing new, but
00:01:26 technology means that porn is now more
00:01:29 accessible than ever. Research by UK
00:01:32 addiction treatment centers suggest that
00:01:34 8.8 million adults could be watching
00:01:37 porn on a weekly basis.
00:01:40 These people might look very different,
00:01:42 but they all have one thing in common.
00:01:44 They all started watching porn from a
00:01:46 young age. We've brought them together
00:01:48 to discuss how their porn viewing habits
00:01:50 developed and how it's impacted their
00:01:52 relationships. So tell us more about
00:01:54 your childhood in North Carolina. It's
00:01:57 interesting I guess because like America
00:01:59 and the South in general is very like
00:02:01 religious and I grew up in like a very
00:02:03 religious
00:02:05 sort of like area and that kind of
00:02:07 upbringing. So that's kind of like what
00:02:10 brought me around to like finding porn
00:02:12 and stuff like that was because I was
00:02:13 just taught like abstinence and stuff.
00:02:16 So that's kind of what brought me into
00:02:18 it. It was a Baptist church. My uncle
00:02:21 was the youth pastor there. It was very,
00:02:25 you know, women have their sort of role.
00:02:27 I didn't really grow up necessarily like
00:02:29 looking forward to my life. It was like
00:02:32 growing up looking forward to my
00:02:33 wedding. And I never really wanted to
00:02:36 get married. So, I didn't really know
00:02:37 what else was for me. Um, but it was
00:02:40 very much like very strict gender gender
00:02:44 roles that we were sort of expected to
00:02:46 live up to. I wasn't raised in like a
00:02:50 really strictly religious environment.
00:02:52 Um, but similarly, I guess culturally,
00:02:54 you don't really talk about sex like in
00:02:57 church with your family. You don't
00:02:58 really do that. My parents are Ghanian.
00:03:00 They are very traditional, very
00:03:02 cultural. Um, and it's quite a
00:03:04 conservative culture as well, so you
00:03:05 don't really talk about sex and things
00:03:07 like that. So, liking boys was something
00:03:09 that was kind of like you're feeling it,
00:03:11 but you don't really talk about it. You
00:03:13 definitely don't talk to your parents
00:03:14 about it. I am a child of West African
00:03:18 immigrants, Ghanian immigrants. So you
00:03:19 don't really talk about mom, I have a
00:03:21 crush on a boy at 11. Read your books
00:03:24 basically would be the answer. Life for
00:03:26 me was quite interesting. So my father
00:03:29 died on Christmas day when I was 6 years
00:03:31 old. And I think I never understood what
00:03:34 the loss did for my life at the time. So
00:03:37 when I hit puberty, I didn't understand
00:03:39 the things that were happening within my
00:03:40 body. I started to have a lot of
00:03:41 questions for sure. I think as any young
00:03:43 boy does, the changes that were
00:03:45 happening in my body, um the girls that
00:03:48 I liked at the time or just what it
00:03:50 meant to be a a boy slash becoming a man
00:03:54 coming of age in some ways. I went to an
00:03:57 all boy school, so you could only
00:03:58 imagine what it was like. Um I'll never
00:04:00 forget one of our old one of the guys in
00:04:03 my class actually he um showed us porn
00:04:05 on you know PSP. Yeah. downloaded it
00:04:07 onto it and I remember we were watching
00:04:09 in the back of class and I think we were
00:04:11 just all quite fascinated but a lot of
00:04:13 the boys were having sex way before me
00:04:15 anyway. Oh wow. So I was pretty much
00:04:17 quite a late bloomer. I was quite a shy
00:04:19 introverted kid. And I remember
00:04:22 for years it was um I used to watch on
00:04:24 my computer made sure before my mom got
00:04:26 home wiped the internet history.
00:04:31 And this law aren't alone. In a world
00:04:33 where it's increasingly available, some
00:04:35 kids have seen porn at younger ages than
00:04:38 you might expect. On average, children
00:04:41 first see pornography aged 13, according
00:04:43 to research. And one in 10 of those
00:04:46 surveyed have seen porn by the age of
00:04:49 nine. I was 11 years old when I first
00:04:51 started watching porn. I was introduced
00:04:53 to it by a friend of mine I used to walk
00:04:55 to school with every single morning and
00:04:58 it was fascinating. I was almost hooked
00:05:00 immediately to this idea or the sounds
00:05:03 that people sound like they're just
00:05:05 having fun. It looks like, wow, what is
00:05:06 this that people are doing where they
00:05:08 look like they're just having a time of
00:05:09 their lives? So, I first started
00:05:11 watching pornography when I was around 9
00:05:13 or 10. I was still in primary school.
00:05:15 So, it started off being like maybe on
00:05:18 the weekends or sometimes before school
00:05:21 and then it turned into almost every day
00:05:24 like in summertimes. And that was when I
00:05:28 started to realize this is having a
00:05:29 negative effect on me because I'm doing
00:05:31 this way too often. Like way too often.
00:05:34 And I would say that realization really
00:05:36 came when I was about 13 14 where I was
00:05:39 like, "Oh, this doesn't feel like
00:05:41 exploration anymore. This feels like
00:05:43 dependency." I think for me it was just
00:05:45 like more casual like exploration. I
00:05:49 didn't like have any certain like go-to
00:05:52 things. I was just like curious what
00:05:55 people was doing and the more weird
00:05:57 stuff you find the more weird stuff you
00:05:58 find. Absolutely. So it was kind of like
00:06:00 that. Um but I sort of like dipped in
00:06:03 and out. I was probably starting to
00:06:05 question things at the age of like 12,
00:06:07 13 and really starting to look more into
00:06:11 what actually was sex. Obviously, we
00:06:13 know what porn is now, but even at that
00:06:15 time, I think it was like a little bit
00:06:17 different. And I think the beauty
00:06:19 standards
00:06:21 were very specific about thinness. It's
00:06:24 like I think Hugh Hefner used to call it
00:06:25 like tits on a stick. And I'm not really
00:06:28 built like that. And so it was a lot of
00:06:31 comparison and that kind of stuff, but
00:06:33 then it was all it's all a performance,
00:06:34 but you don't know that. Then porn
00:06:37 distorts your image of sex, of women, of
00:06:40 real life relationships. So, I think I
00:06:42 became very complacent. I just thought
00:06:44 sex would solve most issues. It did for
00:06:47 a while until you realize people want
00:06:49 way more than just sex. It's not enough
00:06:51 to sustain a relationship. I didn't have
00:06:54 my first like sexual experience, well,
00:06:56 proper sexual experience until I was
00:06:58 about 14, 15, and then I like lost my
00:07:01 virginity when I was 18. And that like
00:07:03 losing my virginity your first time
00:07:05 that's like so romanticized was so
00:07:07 terrible, like so so disappointing.
00:07:12 It never felt like real life matched up
00:07:14 to the height that I got or the
00:07:16 satisfaction that I got from watching
00:07:18 pornography or masturbating. I think
00:07:21 pornography had set a lot of unrealistic
00:07:23 expectations for me of what sex was. And
00:07:27 it didn't live up to the fantasy I'd
00:07:30 created in my mind. My first time's
00:07:31 going to be like this and it's going to
00:07:33 feel like this and I'm going to be
00:07:34 screaming like this and I'm going to be
00:07:36 flipping like it was nothing like that.
00:07:39 Like over half of the young people who
00:07:42 responded to a survey agree that viewing
00:07:45 online pornography could affect
00:07:48 behavior. The research correlates porn
00:07:50 use with the potential for real life
00:07:52 aggression and coercion. When the
00:07:55 research was published, the children's
00:07:56 commissioner for England said that she
00:07:58 was deeply concerned about sexual
00:08:00 violence in porn. So did you think it
00:08:03 was real too then? Like cuz when I first
00:08:05 find found porn you're like a kid like
00:08:08 this is what it is. answers the
00:08:09 question. This is what everyone is
00:08:11 doing. This is the thing. Yes. Yes. Yes.
00:08:13 Yeah. And I think when you're a young
00:08:14 mind, that's just what you think. You
00:08:16 think you're very impressionable. Yeah.
00:08:18 And you just think this it, like you
00:08:20 said, this is what it is. And then you
00:08:22 get older and you're like, no, it's not
00:08:24 like it's not as perfectly lit. It's not
00:08:26 as cute. It's not as seamless. It's not
00:08:29 as neat. It's he's not going to last for
00:08:31 so long. He's not going to last for so
00:08:33 long. I
00:08:36 expected sex to not be about me that I
00:08:40 expected it to be about like my partner,
00:08:42 probably like a man. I didn't expect it
00:08:45 to feel good. You know, porn doesn't end
00:08:48 in a female orgasm. It ends in a male
00:08:50 orgasm. And I just was like, "Oh, well,
00:08:55 that's what it is." It I think it did
00:08:57 play out in my first sexual experience
00:08:58 because I wasn't there. I wasn't
00:09:02 enjoying it. I was worried about what I
00:09:05 look like, what I was supposed to be
00:09:07 doing, and am I any good cuz I don't
00:09:11 know. And then it just I just felt
00:09:13 really sad and sort of empty that I I
00:09:16 must have missed something, but I didn't
00:09:17 know what I had missed. One thing I
00:09:19 don't know whether you found this, but
00:09:21 when you watch porn for such a long
00:09:23 time, it's hard to be present. Sometimes
00:09:25 your mind can just start escaping into
00:09:27 other things, and you really have to
00:09:28 teach your brain to come back into the
00:09:30 moment. When I was watching it, as I
00:09:33 watching porn throughout for the whole
00:09:35 day, I realized there was an issue and I
00:09:37 had no energy to do anything. I didn't
00:09:40 want to play football and I just wanted
00:09:41 to be inside and but there was the guilt
00:09:43 and the shame that came with it. And no
00:09:45 matter what I wanted to do or no matter
00:09:47 what I tried to do, I could not stop
00:09:49 watching it. That's when I knew there
00:09:50 was something up. I knew there was
00:09:52 something up when I kept chasing this
00:09:54 constant high over and over and over
00:09:57 again. But as I became older, I
00:09:58 realized, wait, there's something
00:10:01 actually wrong here. It's almost in some
00:10:04 if in some ways it felt like it was
00:10:05 beyond my control. I used pornography to
00:10:10 really medicate a lot of the emotions
00:10:12 that I had towards my childhood, towards
00:10:14 the pressures that I was feeling at the
00:10:15 time, social pressures, educational
00:10:18 pressures, familial pressures. I had a
00:10:20 conversation with a friend actually who
00:10:22 was like, you know, masturbation is
00:10:24 actually really good for you. Like
00:10:25 orgasms are good. they relieve a lot of
00:10:27 stress. And so that was then my entry
00:10:30 point into, okay, cool. I need something
00:10:31 to relieve that stress. And I ended up
00:10:34 masturbating from like the ages of 15.
00:10:37 If you're looking for sexual
00:10:38 empowerment, which I think every person,
00:10:40 especially women, need to have where you
00:10:42 can say, "This is what I like. This is
00:10:44 what I want. This is how I want to be
00:10:45 satisfied. I do actually want to
00:10:47 experience sexual pleasure." I don't
00:10:49 think that education and that power
00:10:52 completely comes from pornography. And I
00:10:55 think sometimes it's sold sold to us
00:10:57 that way. I used to watch it morning,
00:11:00 noon, and night pretty much to the point
00:11:02 where um I was just exhausted as you
00:11:05 could imagine why. Yeah. Yeah. But yeah,
00:11:08 that's when I realized it was actually
00:11:10 an addiction. But also when I spoke to
00:11:12 my friends about it, we all spoke about
00:11:14 how we wanted to quit. Not everyone who
00:11:16 uses porn habitually would describe
00:11:18 themselves as addicted. And porn
00:11:21 addiction is not officially recognized
00:11:22 as a formal diagnosis. Some mental
00:11:25 health practitioners treat problematic
00:11:27 porn use as a compulsive sexual behavior
00:11:29 disorder. I always say the opposite of
00:11:32 addiction is connection. Yeah, that is
00:11:34 so good. I'm going to steal that. I
00:11:36 don't know that I was necessarily
00:11:38 necessarily like ever addicted to
00:11:40 pornography. I don't know if I would
00:11:42 ever say that cuz I just have sort of
00:11:43 like dipped in and out and dribbs and
00:11:45 drobs throughout my life. So, and I can
00:11:47 see that I'm doing this stuff and then
00:11:48 sort of pull myself out of it. And it it
00:11:51 really is just as simple as like sharing
00:11:53 it a lot of the time, isn't it? And just
00:11:55 like letting somebody know because then
00:11:57 it just takes the shame and the self
00:11:59 judgment right out of it. Cuz I think a
00:12:01 lot of it actually is the shame and the
00:12:03 secrecy and oh my gosh, no one else does
00:12:05 this. This is so embarrassing. What are
00:12:06 people going to think of me? No one
00:12:07 would ever think that I would do
00:12:09 something like this. And so it was just
00:12:11 I turned to my best friend and was like,
00:12:13 you know, got a confession. like I watch
00:12:16 pornography. I really want to stop. And
00:12:18 it opened up this whole kind of worms
00:12:20 with different people around like, oh my
00:12:21 gosh, me too. And sometime and I was
00:12:23 like, wait, we all have the same secret.
00:12:25 That's crazy. I realized I had an
00:12:28 addiction when I got to university and I
00:12:30 tried to take a step back from
00:12:31 pornography. I realized that this wasn't
00:12:34 something that I wanted to do anymore,
00:12:36 that it had become an unhealthy
00:12:38 dependency. And I always tell people if
00:12:41 you want to know whether porn is just
00:12:43 something you do for recreational time
00:12:45 or whether you are you have an unhealthy
00:12:47 dependency on it, try to stop. I would
00:12:49 always find myself fighting like there
00:12:51 was this internal battle, internal
00:12:53 conflict around whether I could actually
00:12:56 stop and whether I wanted to. And it
00:12:58 would literally just leave me feeling so
00:13:01 powerless. For me personally, I stopped
00:13:04 watching pornography
00:13:06 um when I was about 19, 20. And then
00:13:09 yeah, ended up just going on like an
00:13:11 abstinence journey and was just like I
00:13:13 need to really reframe how I see sex. We
00:13:16 all can start to think that when you
00:13:19 watch pornography so much, you can start
00:13:21 to think that like sex is just this need
00:13:23 that always needs to be satisfied. This
00:13:25 your sexual desire and that urge is what
00:13:28 you were saying about the surfing the
00:13:30 urge or urge surfing. Some people say
00:13:32 you're not horny. You're just you need
00:13:33 you need a hug. Yeah. Yeah. Or like you
00:13:36 just need some other kind of dopamine
00:13:38 kick. Like go to the gym, go for a run,
00:13:40 go and talk to people. But then when you
00:13:41 go to the gym, you get more horny.
00:13:49 Interest in voluntary or intentional
00:13:49 celibacy, which is when you choose to
00:13:51 abstain from sex, could be on the rise.
00:13:53 The celibacy hashtag has gained more
00:13:55 than 195 million views and counting on
00:13:58 Tik Tok. Sex is great. It really is. And
00:14:02 it's special. And for me, I have to
00:14:05 redefine what it actually means to me. I
00:14:08 actually wanted to be safe. I wanted to
00:14:12 feel seen. I wanted to feel loved. I
00:14:16 wanted to be with someone who I could do
00:14:19 that learning with, right? Because I was
00:14:22 not a porn star and I wasn't expecting
00:14:25 to be with one. I wanted to be with
00:14:27 someone who was okay with that. And it
00:14:29 wasn't just about the sex, it was
00:14:30 actually about the intimacy. And I
00:14:32 realized that you can't really cultivate
00:14:34 that relationship with every single
00:14:36 person. And so I was just like, you know
00:14:37 what? In order to no longer see men as
00:14:39 objects or people as sexual objects when
00:14:42 we first start dating or first start
00:14:44 talking. And so I just decided to take
00:14:47 sex off the table. How has porn
00:14:49 obsession affected this lot when it
00:14:52 comes to their relationships? I think
00:14:54 the lie that we've been fed is that if
00:14:56 you have great sexual connection, you
00:14:58 have most of what's needed in a
00:15:00 relationship to make a relationship
00:15:01 work, which actually is not true. Like
00:15:03 you just described, relationships are so
00:15:05 much more than just sex. It's especially
00:15:07 if you're talking about long-term
00:15:08 relationships. I personally would forgo
00:15:12 sex for a great connection. And when I
00:15:15 was younger, of course, I wouldn't say
00:15:16 that, but I've realized if the sex
00:15:18 becomes great, fantastic. If it doesn't,
00:15:20 then I kind of can look past it. the
00:15:22 person that I'm with I want to be with
00:15:24 for the rest of my life. Then personally
00:15:26 I could look past it. But it's also
00:15:28 because I understand as you get older
00:15:29 your priorities change. I think now I've
00:15:31 got a far more realistic view on
00:15:33 relationships. Personally for me I think
00:15:35 it's a great filtering process and I
00:15:37 think it has led to more fulfilling
00:15:40 connecting relationships in general. Um
00:15:42 and it has meant that sex for me has not
00:15:46 been the bedrock of this entire
00:15:48 relationship. Like we actually have to
00:15:50 connect as people. Do I even like you?
00:15:52 Do I like the way you deal with
00:15:53 situations? Is there like a friendship
00:15:54 here before there is a sexual
00:15:56 connection?
00:15:58 Looking back, the impact that porn and
00:16:01 masturbation had on my relationships was
00:16:04 there was a fear of commitment. Um, for
00:16:06 sure. And I felt
00:16:10 as if whatever I wanted, I could get
00:16:12 where I could pick somebody up and drop
00:16:14 them whenever I wanted. I was
00:16:16 prolifically cheating for sure. And I
00:16:19 had no remorse. I did not care. How
00:16:23 about you? How do you feel like
00:16:24 pornography affected your sex life?
00:16:26 Well, I had some sort of like other
00:16:28 things going on in my life with like
00:16:30 addiction and my mom got really sick
00:16:32 when I was really young. So, there was
00:16:34 like loads of other kind of contributing
00:16:36 factors, but I ended up getting into
00:16:38 relationships with like typically older
00:16:40 men who were typically not very nice.
00:16:44 And it was just me replaying this
00:16:47 dynamic that I was really used to and
00:16:49 familiar with. Like almost like what you
00:16:51 were saying, you just get comfortable
00:16:53 like and and so and I was comfortable
00:16:59 just performing, doing whatever I felt
00:17:02 like I was kind of like supposed to do.
00:17:04 And it took me like a long time to
00:17:07 realize that it was supposed to be like
00:17:10 mutual.
00:17:12 Do you know what I mean? like I couldn't
00:17:14 even really get there in my head for a
00:17:16 really long time. I don't think I had
00:17:18 the revelation that sex could be good
00:17:21 for me as well until
00:17:24 probably after yet another relationship
00:17:26 and then divorce in my 30s.
00:17:29 And then I was like, okay,
00:17:32 maybe I can enjoy this too. Maybe this
00:17:35 can be for me. and maybe I can try to
00:17:37 let go finally of some of this like very
00:17:41 internalized shame about the whole
00:17:44 thing. So, is it possible to have a
00:17:46 healthy relationship with porn? One
00:17:49 study by the University of Montreal
00:17:51 indicates that certain groups of young
00:17:53 adults who took part in the research
00:17:56 reported improved sexual satisfaction
00:17:58 when using romantic pornography. Then I
00:18:01 did turn to porn again as a way to help
00:18:05 me
00:18:07 discover that part of myself, but I did
00:18:09 it in a very different way than what I
00:18:12 did the first time. I watched like um
00:18:15 sex toy reviews to kind of get an idea
00:18:17 of like, okay, what are other women like
00:18:20 looking for and like toys and what do
00:18:22 they like? And I found audio porn, which
00:18:26 I found so
00:18:29 interesting and so helpful because
00:18:32 nothing was being depicted to me. It
00:18:36 gave me a chance to allow myself to go
00:18:40 into that headsp space and to just
00:18:42 think.
00:18:45 CeCe, Sha and Courtney have really
00:18:48 opened up about a topic that must be
00:18:50 difficult and they're living proof that
00:18:52 there is life and even sex after porn
00:18:55 obsession. Giving up porn is probably
00:18:57 one of the best decisions I've ever
00:18:58 made. The addiction made me lose
00:19:01 connections and now I'm trying to be
00:19:03 connected to people that I generally
00:19:05 love and I really care about. I can't
00:19:08 speak for other people, but for me, porn
00:19:12 definitely the negatives far outweigh
00:19:13 the pros. Having those conversations
00:19:16 more openly will allow people to realize
00:19:18 one, I'm not the only person. So, I
00:19:20 don't need to be feeling this like guilt
00:19:22 and like need to really hide this thing
00:19:25 because I'm actually not the only one
00:19:26 who watches pornography or does this
00:19:28 thing. Um, but also it allows them to
00:19:30 actually start talking about why and
00:19:33 start talking about what they may need
00:19:34 and how they feel towards it as well.
00:19:36 Because there are some people who are
00:19:38 like, "Yeah, I watch pornography. I
00:19:39 actually really enjoy it. It's great."
00:19:40 And then there are some people who are
00:19:41 like, "I watch it, but I don't want to
00:19:43 watch it anymore." and then you actually
00:19:44 start to get people the help or the
00:19:46 support that they may actually need. I
00:19:48 would say if people are really
00:19:50 struggling with porn, find something
00:19:52 bigger than yourself that allows you to
00:19:53 stop. If you really care about your
00:19:55 partner, your kids, or whoever it might
00:19:57 be, if you want to change your life,
00:20:00 change it. If you've been affected by
00:20:03 some of the issues raised in this film,
00:20:05 details of help and support are
00:20:07 available at bbc.co.uk/actionline.
00:20:15 Hey, hey, hey.
identifier: 3576
model: gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000
host: 5.83.191.48
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYRTugteKiAinclude_comments: None
include_timestamps: 1
include_glossary: None
output_language: en
cost: 0.01635115
*Abstract:*
This video captures a live stream event centered on the first images and operational launch of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. The host provides an engaging pre-announcement discussion and conducts a Q&A, complementing the official announcements from National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DOE) representatives.
The core of the event details the Rubin Observatory's groundbreaking design, featuring the 3.2-gigapixel LSST Camera and an exceptionally agile telescope. Its primary scientific objectives, which include mapping dark matter and dark energy through weak gravitational lensing, discovering millions of asteroids for planetary defense, identifying supernovae, and charting variable stars, are highlighted. The stream underscores the observatory's unprecedented speed, immense data volume (tens of terabytes nightly), and commitment to public accessibility through citizen science initiatives. Initial image releases, particularly of the Virgo cluster, demonstrate astounding detail and have already led to the immediate discovery of thousands of new asteroids, signifying the observatory's transformative potential for astrophysics.
*Exploring the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: First Images and Transformative Science*
* *0:11:54 - Major Observatory Announcement:* The live stream centers around an anticipated "huge announcement" from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory regarding its first images.
* *0:13:31 - Transformative Mission:* The host emphasizes the observatory's upcoming decade-long mission as potentially one of the most important in recent years, capable of producing high-quality images and vast amounts of data.
* *0:15:13 - 20-Year Development & Scale:* The Vera C. Rubin Observatory project took approximately 20 years to finalize and is described as having one of the world's largest telescopes and the most sensitive camera.
* *0:16:31 - Honoring Vera Rubin:* The observatory is named after Vera Rubin, a pioneering astrophysicist who, by observing galactic rotation curves, provided crucial evidence for the existence of dark matter.
* *0:18:01 - Prime Location:* Located on El Peñón Peak (2700m/9000ft) in Chile's Atacama desert, the observatory benefits from some of the best, clearest, and driest night skies globally.
* *0:22:17 - Wide Field of View:* Unlike most telescopes, Rubin is uniquely designed to combine a wide field of view with high sensitivity, enabling it to scan vast areas of the sky rapidly without laser auto-correction.
* *0:24:05 - Core Scientific Pillars:* The observatory's main scientific missions include:
* Studying *dark matter* through weak gravitational lensing.
* Investigating *dark energy* and the universe's expansion.
* Detecting *transient events* like novae and supernovae.
* Discovering and tracking millions of *near-Earth asteroids* and comets, critical for planetary defense.
* Mapping the distribution of stars and dark matter within the *Milky Way,* complementing missions like Gaia.
* *0:40:58 - Immense Data Generation:* The telescope captures an image every 30 seconds, generating 10-20 terabytes of data each night. A single Rubin image is so massive it would require 400 4K HDTVs to display its full detail.
* *0:54:18 - LSST Camera - World Record Holder:* The Department of Energy (DOE) led the construction of the LSST Cam, the largest digital camera ever built for astronomy, boasting 3200 megapixels and a Guinness World Record.
* *1:10:04 - First Images & Detail:* The initial images, such as a partial view of the Virgo cluster, demonstrate unprecedented detail, revealing countless faint objects never before seen by humans.
* *1:21:01 - "Greatest Movie of All Time":* Over its 10-year survey (Legacy Survey of Space and Time - LSST), Rubin will image each of its estimated 40 billion celestial objects approximately 800 times, creating a dynamic, digital color movie of the night sky.
* *1:24:52 - Asteroid Detection Prowess:* Early tests from just a few nights of data yielded 2,000 new asteroid discoveries, including 7 near-Earth objects. The project projects finding 5 million new asteroids in the coming years, surpassing all previous discoveries in the last two centuries combined.
* *1:27:07 - Variable Star Mapping:* Rubin's ability to precisely detect changes in brightness of variable stars (e.g., RLI stars, Cepheid variables) is crucial for accurately measuring cosmic distances and mapping dark matter distribution.
* *1:47:30 - Open Data & Citizen Science:* The immense data will be accessible to researchers via a cloud-based Rubin Science Platform, and to the public through citizen science projects, fostering global participation in astronomical discovery.
* *2:02:51 - Anticipated Surprises:* Beyond predicted discoveries like millions of asteroids and precise cosmological measurements, scientists anticipate finding "unknown unknowns," including potentially 10-20 new interstellar objects per year and even Planet 9 (if it exists in the southern sky).
* *2:10:41 - Oumuamua and Interstellar Objects:* The discussion touched on the interstellar object Oumuamua, with the humorous remark that if it were to return, it would suggest an artificial origin. Rubin's observations are expected to provide a much larger sample of such objects for statistical study.
* *2:46:41 - Visual Superiority:* A visual comparison of the Triffid Nebula strikingly illustrates the new Rubin image's incomparably higher quality and detail compared to previous observations.
* *2:51:32 - The Search for Extraterrestrial Life:* While not a primary mission, the host, from a microbiology background, expresses skepticism about widespread alien life due to the biochemical complexity required, though acknowledges if found, it would most likely be on Mars or Jupiter/Saturn's icy moons.
I used gemini-2.5-flash-preview-05-20| input-price: 0.15 output-price: 3.5 max-context-length: 128_000 on rocketrecap dot com to summarize the transcript.
Cost (if I didn't use the free tier): $0.0164
Input tokens: 78021
Output tokens: 1328
Abstract:
This video captures a live stream event centered on the first images and operational launch of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. The host provides an engaging pre-announcement discussion and conducts a Q&A, complementing the official announcements from National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DOE) representatives.
The core of the event details the Rubin Observatory's groundbreaking design, featuring the 3.2-gigapixel LSST Camera and an exceptionally agile telescope. Its primary scientific objectives, which include mapping dark matter and dark energy through weak gravitational lensing, discovering millions of asteroids for planetary defense, identifying supernovae, and charting variable stars, are highlighted. The stream underscores the observatory's unprecedented speed, immense data volume (tens of terabytes nightly), and commitment to public accessibility through citizen science initiatives. Initial image releases, particularly of the Virgo cluster, demonstrate astounding detail and have already led to the immediate discovery of thousands of new asteroids, signifying the observatory's transformative potential for astrophysics.
Exploring the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: First Images and Transformative Science
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Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera
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Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g...
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mikeselectricstuff
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40 Comments
@robertwatsonbath
6 hours ago
Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to.
1
Reply
@Muonium1
9 hours ago
The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths.
4
Reply
1 reply
@tafsirnahian669
10 hours ago (edited)
Can this be used as an astrophotography camera?
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
6 hours ago
Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout
Reply
@2010craggy
11 hours ago
Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel.
1
Reply
@vitukz
12 hours ago
A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it
2
Reply
@RobertGallop
19 hours ago
That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps!
Reply
@Prophes0r
19 hours ago
I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source.
Very clever.
6
Reply
@OneBiOzZ
20 hours ago
given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it
9
Reply
@tekvax01
21 hours ago
$20 thousand dollars per minute of run time!
1
Reply
@tekvax01
22 hours ago
"We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park.
*(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!)
Reply
@florianf4257
22 hours ago
The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun).
12
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
12 hours ago
I didn't think of that, but makes sense
2
Reply
@douro20
22 hours ago (edited)
The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam.
1
Reply
@RicoElectrico
23 hours ago
PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet.
Reply
@dcallan812
23 hours ago
Very interesting. 2x
Reply
@littleboot_
1 day ago
Cool interesting device
Reply
@dav1dbone
1 day ago
I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy?
Reply
@kevywevvy8833
1 day ago
ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights.
1
Reply
1 reply
@bill6255
1 day ago
Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho
3
Reply
@JAKOB1977
1 day ago (edited)
The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm
Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums.
Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels)
Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp
Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp
Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp
Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V)
Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V)
61.3 mm (Diagonal),
645 1.1x Optical Format
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Horizontal Outputs 4
Saturation Signal 40.3 ke−
Output Sensitivity 31 V/e−
Quantum Efficiency
KAF−50100−CAA
KAF−50100−AAA
KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens)
22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B)
25%
62%
Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e−
Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2
Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C
Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB
Estimated Linear Dynamic Range
(f = 18 MHz)
69.3 dB
Charge Transfer Efficiency
Horizontal
Vertical
0.999995
0.999999
Blooming Protection
(4 ms Exposure Time)
800X Saturation Exposure
Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz
Package Ceramic PGA
Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or
Clear Glass
Features
• TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode
for High Sensitivity
• Ultra-High Resolution
• Board Dynamic Range
• Low Noise Architecture
• Large Active Imaging Area
Applications
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Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy
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@martinalooksatthings
1 day ago
15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh
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@RhythmGamer
1 day ago
Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix
1
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@dine9093
1 day ago (edited)
Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there?
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@NickNorton
1 day ago
Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting.
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@KeritechElectronics
1 day ago
Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty!
1
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@YSoreil
1 day ago
The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild.
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@snik2pl
1 day ago
That leds look like from led projector
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@vincei4252
1 day ago
TDI = Time Domain Integration ?
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@wolpumba4099
1 day ago (edited)
Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout.
From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle
i guess it would be good for astrophotography
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@txm100
1 day ago (edited)
Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped!
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@vincei4252
1 day ago
That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper.
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@MRooodddvvv
1 day ago
yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff !
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1 reply
@NoPegs
1 day ago
He lives!
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1 reply
Transcript
0:00
so I've stripped all the bits of the
0:01
optical system so basically we've got
0:03
the uh the camera
0:05
itself which is mounted on this uh very
0:09
complex
0:10
adjustment thing which obviously to set
0:13
you the various tilt and uh alignment
0:15
stuff then there's two of these massive
0:18
lenses I've taken one of these apart I
0:20
think there's something like about eight
0:22
or nine Optical elements in here these
0:25
don't seem to do a great deal in terms
0:26
of electr magnification they're obiously
0:28
just about getting the image to where it
0:29
uh where it needs to be just so that
0:33
goes like that then this Optical block I
0:36
originally thought this was made of some
0:37
s crazy heavy material but it's just
0:39
really the sum of all these Optical bits
0:41
are just ridiculously heavy those lenses
0:43
are about 4 kilos each and then there's
0:45
this very heavy very solid um piece that
0:47
goes in the middle and this is so this
0:49
is the filter wheel assembly with a
0:51
hilariously oversized steper
0:53
motor driving this wheel with these very
0:57
large narrow band filters so we've got
1:00
various different shades of uh
1:03
filters there five Al together that
1:06
one's actually just showing up a silver
1:07
that's actually a a red but fairly low
1:10
transmission orangey red blue green
1:15
there's an excess cover on this side so
1:16
the filters can be accessed and changed
1:19
without taking anything else apart even
1:21
this is like ridiculous it's like solid
1:23
aluminium this is just basically a cover
1:25
the actual wavelengths of these are um
1:27
488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what
1:32
the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh
1:34
the width of the spectral line say these
1:37
are very narrow band filters most of
1:39
them are you very little light through
1:41
so it's still very tight narrow band to
1:43
match the um fluoresence of the dies
1:45
they're using in the biochemical process
1:48
and obviously to reject the light that's
1:49
being fired at it from that Illuminator
1:51
box and then there's a there's a second
1:53
one of these lenses then the actual sort
1:55
of samples below that so uh very serious
1:58
amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics
2:01
okay let's take a look at this light
2:02
source made by company Lumen Dynamics
2:04
who are now part of
2:06
excelitas self-contained unit power
2:08
connector USB and this which one of the
2:11
Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface
2:14
USB wasn't used in uh the fluid
2:17
application output here and I think this
2:19
is an input for um light feedback I
2:21
don't if it's regulated or just a measur
2:23
measurement facility and the uh fiber
2:27
assembly
2:29
Square Inlet there and then there's two
2:32
outputs which have uh lens assemblies
2:35
and this small one which goes back into
2:37
that small Port just Loops out of here
2:40
straight back in So on this side we've
2:42
got the electronics which look pretty
2:44
straightforward we've got a bit of power
2:45
supply stuff over here and we've got
2:48
separate drivers for each wavelength now
2:50
interesting this is clearly been very
2:52
specifically made for this application
2:54
you I was half expecting like say some
2:56
generic drivers that could be used for a
2:58
number of different things but actually
3:00
literally specified the exact wavelength
3:02
on the PCB there is provision here for
3:04
385 NM which isn't populated but this is
3:07
clearly been designed very specifically
3:09
so these four drivers look the same but
3:10
then there's two higher power ones for
3:12
575 and
3:14
520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this
3:16
575 section there a p 24 which is
3:20
providing USB interface USB isolator the
3:23
USB interface just presents as a comport
3:26
I did have a quick look but I didn't
3:27
actually get anything sensible um I did
3:29
dump the Pi code out and there's a few
3:31
you a few sort of commands that you
3:32
could see in text but I didn't actually
3:34
manage to get it working properly I
3:36
found some software for related version
3:38
but it didn't seem to want to talk to it
3:39
but um I say that wasn't used for the
3:41
original application it might be quite
3:42
interesting to get try and get the Run
3:44
hours count out of it and the TTL
3:46
interface looks fairly straightforward
3:48
we've got positions for six opto
3:50
isolators but only five five are
3:52
installed so that corresponds with the
3:54
unused thing so I think this hopefully
3:56
should be as simple as just providing a
3:57
ttrl signal for each color to uh enable
4:00
it a big heat sink here which is there I
4:03
think there's like a big S of metal
4:04
plate through the middle of this that
4:05
all the leads are mounted on the other
4:07
side so this is heat sinking it with a
4:09
air flow from a uh just a fan in here
4:13
obviously don't have the air flow
4:14
anywhere near the Optics so conduction
4:17
cool through to this plate that's then
4:18
uh air cooled got some pots which are
4:21
presumably power
4:22
adjustments okay let's take a look at
4:24
the other side which is uh much more
4:27
interesting see we've got some uh very
4:31
uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there
4:35
a bunch of leads so we've got one here
4:37
475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520
4:44
filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to
4:48
see what's white is if we just shine
4:49
some white light through
4:51
here not sure how it is is to see on the
4:54
camera but shining white light we do
4:55
actually get a bit of red a bit of blue
4:57
some yellow here so the obstacle path
5:00
575 it goes sort of here bounces off
5:03
this mirror and goes out the 520 goes
5:07
sort of down here across here and up
5:09
there 630 goes basically straight
5:13
through
5:15
430 goes across there down there along
5:17
there and the 475 goes down here and
5:20
left this is the light sensing thing
5:22
think here there's just a um I think
5:24
there a photo diode or other sensor
5:26
haven't actually taken that off and
5:28
everything's fixed down to this chunk of
5:31
aluminium which acts as the heat
5:32
spreader that then conducts the heat to
5:33
the back side for the heat
5:35
sink and the actual lead packages all
5:38
look fairly similar except for this one
5:41
on the 575 which looks quite a bit more
5:44
substantial big spay
5:46
Terminals and the interface for this
5:48
turned out to be extremely simple it's
5:50
literally a 5V TTL level to enable each
5:54
color doesn't seem to be any tensity
5:56
control but there are some additional
5:58
pins on that connector that weren't used
5:59
in the through time thing so maybe
6:01
there's some extra lines that control
6:02
that I couldn't find any data on this uh
6:05
unit and the um their current product
6:07
range is quite significantly different
6:09
so we've got the uh blue these
6:13
might may well be saturating the camera
6:16
so they might look a bit weird so that's
6:17
the 430
6:18
blue the 575
6:24
yellow uh
6:26
475 light blue
6:29
the uh 520
6:31
green and the uh 630 red now one
6:36
interesting thing I noticed for the
6:39
575 it's actually it's actually using a
6:42
white lead and then filtering it rather
6:44
than using all the other ones are using
6:46
leads which are the fundamental colors
6:47
but uh this is actually doing white and
6:50
it's a combination of this filter and
6:52
the dichroic mirrors that are turning to
6:55
Yellow if we take the filter out and a
6:57
lot of the a lot of the um blue content
7:00
is going this way the red is going
7:02
straight through these two mirrors so
7:05
this is clearly not reflecting much of
7:08
that so we end up with the yellow coming
7:10
out of uh out of there which is a fairly
7:14
light yellow color which you don't
7:16
really see from high intensity leads so
7:19
that's clearly why they've used the
7:20
white to uh do this power consumption of
7:23
the white is pretty high so going up to
7:25
about 2 and 1 half amps on that color
7:27
whereas most of the other colors are
7:28
only drawing half an amp or so at 24
7:30
volts the uh the green is up to about
7:32
1.2 but say this thing is uh much
7:35
brighter and if you actually run all the
7:38
colors at the same time you get a fairly
7:41
reasonable um looking white coming out
7:43
of it and one thing you might just be
7:45
out to notice is there is some sort
7:46
color banding around here that's not
7:49
getting uh everything s completely
7:51
concentric and I think that's where this
7:53
fiber optic thing comes
7:58
in I'll
8:00
get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped
8:04
very sort of uniform color and looking
8:06
at What's um inside here we've basically
8:09
just got this Square Rod so this is
8:12
clearly yeah the lights just bouncing
8:13
off all the all the various sides to um
8:16
get a nice uniform illumination uh this
8:19
back bit looks like it's all potted so
8:21
nothing I really do to get in there I
8:24
think this is fiber so I have come
8:26
across um cables like this which are
8:27
liquid fill but just looking through the
8:30
end of this it's probably a bit hard to
8:31
see it does look like there fiber ends
8:34
going going on there and so there's this
8:36
feedback thing which is just obviously
8:39
compensating for the any light losses
8:41
through here to get an accurate
8:43
representation of uh the light that's
8:45
been launched out of these two
8:47
fibers and you see uh
8:49
these have got this sort of trapezium
8:54
shape light guides again it's like a
8:56
sort of acrylic or glass light guide
9:00
guess projected just to make the right
9:03
rectangular
9:04
shape and look at this Center assembly
9:07
um the light output doesn't uh change
9:10
whether you feed this in or not so it's
9:11
clear not doing any internal Clos Loop
9:14
control obviously there may well be some
9:16
facility for it to do that but it's not
9:17
being used in this
9:19
application and so this output just
9:21
produces a voltage on the uh outle
9:24
connector proportional to the amount of
9:26
light that's present so there's a little
9:28
diffuser in the back there
9:30
and then there's just some kind of uh
9:33
Optical sensor looks like a
9:35
chip looking at the lead it's a very
9:37
small package on the PCB with this lens
9:40
assembly over the top and these look
9:43
like they're actually on a copper
9:44
Metalized PCB for maximum thermal
9:47
performance and yeah it's a very small
9:49
package looks like it's a ceramic
9:51
package and there's a thermister there
9:53
for temperature monitoring this is the
9:56
475 blue one this is the 520 need to
9:59
Green which is uh rather different OB
10:02
it's a much bigger D with lots of bond
10:04
wise but also this looks like it's using
10:05
a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it
10:08
lights up green so this is actually a
10:10
phosphor conversion green lead which
10:12
I've I've come across before they want
10:15
that specific wavelength so they may be
10:17
easier to tune a phosphor than tune the
10:20
um semiconductor material to get the uh
10:23
right right wavelength from the lead
10:24
directly uh red 630 similar size to the
10:28
blue one or does seem to have a uh a
10:31
lens on top of it there is a sort of red
10:33
coloring to
10:35
the die but that doesn't appear to be
10:38
fluorescent as far as I can
10:39
tell and the white one again a little
10:41
bit different sort of much higher
10:43
current
10:46
connectors a makeer name on that
10:48
connector flot light not sure if that's
10:52
the connector or the lead
10:54
itself and obviously with the phosphor
10:56
and I'd imagine that phosphor may well
10:58
be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5
11:01
cenm and actually this white one looks
11:04
like a St fairly standard product I just
11:06
found it in Mouse made by luminous
11:09
devices in fact actually I think all
11:11
these are based on various luminous
11:13
devices modules and they're you take
11:17
looks like they taking the nearest
11:18
wavelength and then just using these
11:19
filters to clean it up to get a precise
11:22
uh spectral line out of it so quite a
11:25
nice neat and um extreme
11:30
bright light source uh sure I've got any
11:33
particular use for it so I think this
11:35
might end up on
11:36
eBay but uh very pretty to look out and
11:40
without the uh risk of burning your eyes
11:43
out like you do with lasers so I thought
11:45
it would be interesting to try and
11:46
figure out the runtime of this things
11:48
like this we usually keep some sort
11:49
record of runtime cuz leads degrade over
11:51
time I couldn't get any software to work
11:52
through the USB face but then had a
11:54
thought probably going to be writing the
11:55
runtime periodically to the e s prom so
11:58
I just just scope up that and noticed it
12:00
was doing right every 5 minutes so I
12:02
just ran it for a while periodically
12:04
reading the E squ I just held the pick
12:05
in in reset and um put clip over to read
12:07
the square prom and found it was writing
12:10
one location per color every 5 minutes
12:12
so if one color was on it would write
12:14
that location every 5 minutes and just
12:16
increment it by one so after doing a few
12:18
tests with different colors of different
12:19
time periods it looked extremely
12:21
straightforward it's like a four bite
12:22
count for each color looking at the
12:24
original data that was in it all the
12:26
colors apart from Green were reading
12:28
zero and the green was reading four
12:30
indicating a total 20 minutes run time
12:32
ever if it was turned on run for a short
12:34
time then turned off that might not have
12:36
been counted but even so indicates this
12:37
thing wasn't used a great deal the whole
12:40
s process of doing a run can be several
12:42
hours but it'll only be doing probably
12:43
the Imaging at the end of that so you
12:46
wouldn't expect to be running for a long
12:47
time but say a single color for 20
12:50
minutes over its whole lifetime does
12:52
seem a little bit on the low side okay
12:55
let's look at the camera un fortunately
12:57
I managed to not record any sound when I
12:58
did this it's also a couple of months
13:00
ago so there's going to be a few details
13:02
that I've forgotten so I'm just going to
13:04
dub this over the original footage so um
13:07
take the lid off see this massive great
13:10
heat sink so this is a pel cool camera
13:12
we've got this blower fan producing a
13:14
fair amount of air flow through
13:16
it the connector here there's the ccds
13:19
mounted on the board on the
13:24
right this unplugs so we've got a bit of
13:27
power supply stuff on here
13:29
USB interface I think that's the Cyprus
13:32
microcontroller High speeded USB
13:34
interface there's a zyink spon fpga some
13:40
RAM and there's a couple of ATD
13:42
converters can't quite read what those
13:45
those are but anal
13:47
devices um little bit of bodgery around
13:51
here extra decoupling obviously they
13:53
have having some noise issues this is
13:55
around the ram chip quite a lot of extra
13:57
capacitors been added there
13:59
uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior
14:01
to the HD converter buffers or Andor
14:05
amplifiers taking the CCD
14:08
signal um bit more power spy stuff here
14:11
this is probably all to do with
14:12
generating the various CCD bias voltages
14:14
they uh need quite a lot of exotic
14:18
voltages next board down is just a
14:20
shield and an interconnect
14:24
boardly shielding the power supply stuff
14:26
from some the more sensitive an log
14:28
stuff
14:31
and this is the bottom board which is
14:32
just all power supply
14:34
stuff as you can see tons of capacitors
14:37
or Transformer in
14:42
there and this is the CCD which is a uh
14:47
very impressive thing this is a kf50 100
14:50
originally by true sense then codec
14:53
there ON
14:54
Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the
14:58
only price I could find was this one
15:00
5,000 bucks and the architecture you can
15:03
see there actually two separate halves
15:04
which explains the Dual AZ converters
15:06
and two amplifiers it's literally split
15:08
down the middle and duplicated so it's
15:10
outputting two streams in parallel just
15:13
to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's
15:15
got this amazing um diffraction effects
15:18
it's got micro lenses over the pixel so
15:20
there's there's a bit more Optics going
15:22
on than on a normal
15:25
sensor few more bodges on the CCD board
15:28
including this wire which isn't really
15:29
tacked down very well which is a bit uh
15:32
bit of a mess quite a few bits around
15:34
this board where they've uh tacked
15:36
various bits on which is not super
15:38
impressive looks like CCD drivers on the
15:40
left with those 3 ohm um damping
15:43
resistors on the
15:47
output get a few more little bodges
15:50
around here some of
15:52
the and there's this separator the
15:54
silica gel to keep the moisture down but
15:56
there's this separator that actually
15:58
appears to be cut from piece of
15:59
antistatic
16:04
bag and this sort of thermal block on
16:06
top of this stack of three pel Cola
16:12
modules so as with any Stacks they get
16:16
um larger as they go back towards the
16:18
heat sink because each P's got to not
16:20
only take the heat from the previous but
16:21
also the waste heat which is quite
16:27
significant you see a little temperature
16:29
sensor here that copper block which
16:32
makes contact with the back of the
16:37
CCD and this's the back of the
16:40
pelas this then contacts the heat sink
16:44
on the uh rear there a few thermal pads
16:46
as well for some of the other power
16:47
components on this
16:51
PCB okay I've connected this uh camera
16:54
up I found some drivers on the disc that
16:56
seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't
16:58
get to install under Windows 11 though
17:01
um in the absence of any sort of lens or
17:03
being bothered to the proper amount I've
17:04
just put some f over it and put a little
17:06
pin in there to make a pinhole lens and
17:08
software gives a few options I'm not
17:11
entirely sure what all these are there's
17:12
obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low
17:15
gain and with PFG no idea what that is
17:19
something something game programmable
17:20
Something game perhaps ver exposure
17:23
types I think focus is just like a
17:25
continuous grab until you tell it to
17:27
stop not entirely sure all these options
17:30
are obviously exposure time uh triggers
17:33
there ex external hardware trigger inut
17:35
you just trigger using a um thing on
17:37
screen so the resolution is 8176 by
17:40
6132 and you can actually bin those
17:42
where you combine multiple pixels to get
17:46
increased gain at the expense of lower
17:48
resolution down this is a 10sec exposure
17:51
obviously of the pin hole it's very uh
17:53
intensitive so we just stand still now
17:56
downloading it there's the uh exposure
17:59
so when it's
18:01
um there's a little status thing down
18:03
here so that tells you the um exposure
18:07
[Applause]
18:09
time it's this is just it
18:15
downloading um it is quite I'm seeing
18:18
quite a lot like smearing I think that I
18:20
don't know whether that's just due to
18:21
pixels overloading or something else I
18:24
mean yeah it's not it's not um out of
18:26
the question that there's something not
18:27
totally right about this camera
18:28
certainly was bodge wise on there um I
18:31
don't I'd imagine a camera like this
18:32
it's got a fairly narrow range of
18:34
intensities that it's happy with I'm not
18:36
going to spend a great deal of time on
18:38
this if you're interested in this camera
18:40
maybe for astronomy or something and
18:42
happy to sort of take the risk of it may
18:44
not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll
18:47
stick this on eBay along with the
18:48
Illuminator I'll put a link down in the
18:50
description to the listing take your
18:52
chances to grab a bargain so for example
18:54
here we see this vertical streaking so
18:56
I'm not sure how normal that is this is
18:58
on fairly bright scene looking out the
19:02
window if I cut the exposure time down
19:04
on that it's now 1 second
19:07
exposure again most of the image
19:09
disappears again this is looks like it's
19:11
possibly over still overloading here go
19:14
that go down to say say quarter a
19:16
second so again I think there might be
19:19
some Auto gain control going on here um
19:21
this is with the PFG option let's try
19:23
turning that off and see what
19:25
happens so I'm not sure this is actually
19:27
more streaking or which just it's
19:29
cranked up the gain all the dis display
19:31
gray scale to show what um you know the
19:33
range of things that it's captured
19:36
there's one of one of 12 things in the
19:38
software there's um you can see of you
19:40
can't seem to read out the temperature
19:42
of the pelta cooler but you can set the
19:44
temperature and if you said it's a
19:46
different temperature you see the power
19:48
consumption jump up running the cooler
19:50
to get the temperature you requested but
19:52
I can't see anything anywhere that tells
19:54
you whether the cool is at the at the
19:56
temperature other than the power
19:57
consumption going down and there's no
19:59
temperature read out
20:03
here and just some yeah this is just
20:05
sort of very basic software I'm sure
20:07
there's like an API for more
20:09
sophisticated
20:10
applications but so if you know anything
20:12
more about these cameras please um stick
20:14
in the
20:15
comments um incidentally when I was
20:18
editing I didn't notice there was a bent
20:19
pin on the um CCD but I did fix that
20:22
before doing these tests and also
20:24
reactivated the um silica gel desicant
20:26
cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting
20:28
bit of condensation on the window but um
20:31
yeah so a couple of uh interesting but
20:34
maybe not particularly uh useful pieces
20:37
of Kit except for someone that's got a
20:38
very specific use so um I'll stick a
20:42
I'll stick these on eBay put a link in
20:44
the description and say hopefully
20:45
someone could actually make some uh good
20:47
use of these things
Example Output:
**Abstract:**
This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera.
The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime.
The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault).
**Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System**
* **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each.
* **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light.
* **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering.
* **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color.
* **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise.
* **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel.
* **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing.
* **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels.
* **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED.
* **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay.
Here is the real transcript. Please summarize it:
00:11:40 Okay, here we go. Let me try this.
00:11:40 Oh, that scared me.
00:11:44 Oh, that's better. And no more music.
00:11:48 Okay. Hello wonderful person and people
00:11:51 of uh all sorts from everywhere. So
00:11:54 welcome to your I guess uh annual stream
00:11:57 sort of even though I keep promising to
00:11:59 make this at least monthly. Um I'm going
00:12:02 to double check that everything is
00:12:04 working before we start and also I think
00:12:07 we still have about 30 30 minutes before
00:12:09 the official announcement um which is
00:12:12 what we're going to be doing today.
00:12:14 But let me see uh okay okay here we go.
00:12:17 Everything seems to be working. Uh,
00:12:21 let me just I'm going to hear myself for
00:12:23 one second. Let me hear myself for one
00:12:25 second.
00:12:28 Where am I?
00:12:30 Where's my stream?
00:12:33 Let me see. Okay. Okay. Okay. Here we
00:12:34 go. All right. Seems to work. Let me
00:12:36 know if there's a problem. Um, or
00:12:38 problems. I'm sure there will be
00:12:40 problems because I have not done this in
00:12:43 over a year. Last time we did this was
00:12:45 during the 2024 solar eclipse and uh now
00:12:49 we're back and I promised last year that
00:12:50 I was going to do one I was going to do
00:12:52 a stream uh sometimes in the summer of
00:12:54 2024 never happened my apologies.
00:12:57 Anyway, so uh what is first of all to
00:13:00 answer your questions still not AI as
00:13:02 you can see still 10 fingers. Second of
00:13:04 all um what are we doing? So today the
00:13:07 main point of this stream the annual
00:13:10 stream is because we actually have a
00:13:12 huge announcement from the uh National
00:13:15 Science Foundation um the uh Vera Rubin
00:13:19 Observatory and basically it is going to
00:13:22 be about let me check how do I disable
00:13:24 this it's going to be about uh this no
00:13:28 this no come back here we go it's going
00:13:31 to be about this we have half an hour
00:13:34 before the announcement from Vera Rubin
00:13:36 Observatory
00:13:38 and I don't exactly know what they're
00:13:39 going to be talking about yet, but it's
00:13:42 basically going to be most likely the um
00:13:45 the discussion about the first images
00:13:47 that were just released and possibly
00:13:49 some more images, which is what I'm
00:13:50 hoping for. And so they basically ask
00:13:52 for anyone who has any following to who
00:13:54 to do a kind of a uh impromptu party, I
00:13:57 guess. Uh and there's actually a whole
00:13:59 list of parties they have listed here
00:14:00 somewhere. Here we go. Let me show you
00:14:02 some of these parties. list. Uh, post a
00:14:05 Reuben party is what it's called. You
00:14:08 can actually see uh some of them are
00:14:10 possibly in your neighborhood and oh,
00:14:12 where's the map? I thought it was a map.
00:14:14 There has to be a map somewhere
00:14:15 somewhere.
00:14:16 Uh,
00:14:18 oh, I thought it was a map. Anyway, I
00:14:21 saw a map somewhere. Anyway, so this is
00:14:23 one of these parties, but it's basically
00:14:24 virtual and not in person. Um and the
00:14:28 point is to look at the images, discuss
00:14:31 them and just to um just to basically
00:14:34 get get ready for the mission that Vera
00:14:36 Rubin Observatory is going to be
00:14:37 performing for the next decade and it's
00:14:40 going to be a huge mission. So that's
00:14:42 basically that's what I'm going to be
00:14:43 talking about. I'm going to try to
00:14:44 simplify the mission as much as possible
00:14:47 and talk about why this is probably one
00:14:48 of the most important observatories of
00:14:51 the last few years really possibly of
00:14:53 the last decade. um maybe even more
00:14:55 important than the James Web just
00:14:57 because of the actual quality of
00:14:59 pictures we're going to be receiving,
00:15:01 but still James Web is still pretty
00:15:03 important. All right, so let me just set
00:15:05 up some of the background pictures I had
00:15:07 here just uh until we wait for the
00:15:10 announcement. Uh oh, also this is what
00:15:13 it looked like a few years back. This is
00:15:15 when they were building it. This project
00:15:17 took approximately 20 years to finalize.
00:15:20 And this is a pretty big observatory and
00:15:22 it has one of the biggest telescopes
00:15:24 with the most sensitive camera in the
00:15:26 world. So this take that Samsung phones
00:15:29 have nothing compared to this. Uh and
00:15:32 what am I looking for here? I'm looking
00:15:34 for my
00:15:36 display picture. I don't need this right
00:15:37 now. All right. Uh while we're waiting
00:15:39 for everything, I was going to briefly
00:15:41 talk about the mission, I guess, and you
00:15:43 know, take some questions. Then we're
00:15:45 going to listen to the announcement from
00:15:46 Ver Rubin. uh because I actually I'm
00:15:48 super curious to to hear what they're
00:15:50 going what they're going to be talking
00:15:51 about. And lastly uh we are going to
00:15:54 finish with a Q&A or maybe just Q maybe
00:15:57 no A because I don't have all the
00:15:58 answers. Uh anyway, so hello everyone
00:16:00 from Canada and from other countries. Uh
00:16:02 and uh
00:16:05 let me see if there's any comments any
00:16:06 comments that I need to answer to yet. U
00:16:09 any questions? Cool. All right. If
00:16:11 there's any problem with sound or if you
00:16:13 cannot cannot hear something or if
00:16:14 there's a music in the background,
00:16:15 please let me know because I'm I'm still
00:16:18 even after years of doing this, I still
00:16:20 forget to turn off things to turn things
00:16:22 on and so on.
00:16:24 And uh in the meanwhile while I'm
00:16:27 waiting for the stream to start which is
00:16:28 going to start in about 27 minutes uh I
00:16:31 wanted to briefly mention what this
00:16:33 telescope is I guess because it is a
00:16:36 pretty exciting telescope and it is
00:16:38 called Vera Rubin telescope because of
00:16:40 this wonderful lady. Let me just get
00:16:42 this checked and checked. This wonderful
00:16:45 lady is Vera Rubin. She unfortunately
00:16:48 passed away uh I think about seven years
00:16:50 ago. I think it was 2018 and she is
00:16:54 considered to be I guess unofficial
00:16:56 mother of uh dark matter even though I I
00:16:59 always get comments about oh this guy
00:17:01 still believes in dark matter blah blah
00:17:02 blah blah uh well she did too but even
00:17:05 though she she wasn't sure what it was
00:17:07 and she w she was the one who
00:17:08 essentially kind of sort of found it uh
00:17:11 by looking at galactic curves of uh
00:17:13 Andromeda galaxy and a few other
00:17:15 galaxies. She was the one who basically
00:17:16 brought it to everyone's attention and
00:17:19 was supposed to get a Nobel Prize but
00:17:21 never did and because of that a lot of
00:17:23 scientists were upset instead she had
00:17:26 instead of Nobel prize she got this she
00:17:28 has a telescope named after her which uh
00:17:30 I personally would take over Nobel Prize
00:17:33 too. Uh so and uh the reason this
00:17:36 telescope is so important is really
00:17:38 because of the just the sheer quality of
00:17:40 the lens, the sheer quality of the
00:17:42 mirror, the uh the the camera, the
00:17:45 actual camera it uses. Um I'm going to
00:17:47 show you one of the pictures that I have
00:17:50 here somewhere. I have a bunch of
00:17:52 pictures actually, but I didn't prepare
00:17:54 at all for this. I just found pictures.
00:17:56 I'm like, "Oh, I I think I'll figure it
00:17:58 out." Here. Here we go. Here's another
00:17:59 picture. Uh this is a picture of the
00:18:01 telescope on the mountain. And this is
00:18:04 located in uh let me let me try to read
00:18:06 the name of this mountain. It's called
00:18:08 El Penong Peak uh of Sero Pachong. It's
00:18:13 a 2700 meter high or about 9,000 ft high
00:18:17 mountain in Kokimbo region of northern
00:18:19 Chile. And this is very close to other
00:18:22 famous telescopes like Gemini South and
00:18:25 Southern Astrophysical Research
00:18:26 Telescopes in the Atakama desert in
00:18:29 Chile. And it's essentially located here
00:18:31 for one simple reason. They have the
00:18:34 best nice skies in the world. They
00:18:36 barely get any rain. Uh they have the
00:18:40 best visibility and all of most of the
00:18:42 modern telescopes are in this in the
00:18:44 same region. It's the Chile and
00:18:46 government managed to find a perfect
00:18:48 niche for their uh supplements for the
00:18:50 government supplements. They get a lot
00:18:51 of money from from these uh projects. Uh
00:18:55 and so this is the new creation and it's
00:18:57 basically going to be one of the most
00:18:59 powerful uh telesc earth telescopes,
00:19:02 optical telescopes that's going to be
00:19:04 doing its mission for the next 10 to 12
00:19:06 years.
00:19:08 Okay, so let me just double check. I I
00:19:10 haven't been reading comments yet. Let's
00:19:11 see. Okay, let's see. Comment number
00:19:13 one. I think I have a comment. Oh, thank
00:19:16 you for the donation. Solar night, uh
00:19:18 can you elaborate a bit about the
00:19:19 current solar maximum flares Parker Sol
00:19:22 possible Carrington event? Uh it's not
00:19:25 really related to this but okay I'll try
00:19:26 to elaborate. Nothing to worry about.
00:19:28 There's not going to be any possible
00:19:29 Carrington event anytime soon. The uh
00:19:31 solar maximum is has passed the race. Uh
00:19:34 the sun is currently going toward its
00:19:36 minimal peak. Uh it's basically on a on
00:19:38 the way down. So we don't think anything
00:19:39 major is going to happen anytime soon.
00:19:41 Uh and Parker Solar Probe is still doing
00:19:43 its mission. It's basically still
00:19:45 collecting data. It it it's done its uh
00:19:48 recent close passage, but it hasn't
00:19:49 really discovered anything major yet.
00:19:51 There will be an update about this uh I
00:19:53 think in about couple of months. Uh but
00:19:56 we'll talk about it in some other
00:19:57 videos. It soler solar probe even though
00:20:00 it's an amazing mission. Um it's it does
00:20:03 collect data very slowly. So it takes a
00:20:05 long time to process everything. So we
00:20:07 don't really have that much information
00:20:08 yet but it it's supposed to solve the
00:20:10 mystery of basically why we get these um
00:20:13 CMEs coronal mass ejections and why how
00:20:15 the solar magnetism works and so on.
00:20:17 It's it's one of its main missions. So,
00:20:19 we'll hopefully get some cool answers
00:20:21 very soon. All right, cool, cool, cool,
00:20:23 cool, cool. Thank you for the question
00:20:25 and for the donation. Love it. No
00:20:27 donation is great, but I'm loving the
00:20:29 questions. Uh,
00:20:31 okay, next question. Um,
00:20:35 if ground B if that's a good question.
00:20:37 Groundbased telescopes, if they're so
00:20:38 good, why do we need space telescopes?
00:20:40 Well, remember on the ground here we
00:20:41 have atmosphere, right? So, not all
00:20:43 frequencies pass through the atmosphere.
00:20:46 uh the atmosphere is opaque to a lot of
00:20:47 different wavelengths and one of them is
00:20:49 of course um infrared wavelength and
00:20:52 also uh ultraviolet. So if you want to
00:20:55 see things in the infrared, you
00:20:57 absolutely have to have a space
00:20:58 telescope. And the only reason we want
00:21:00 to see infrared is because according to
00:21:02 the big bang theory, which is of course
00:21:05 still has not been disproven by anyone,
00:21:08 uh even though there's a lot of AI
00:21:09 videos that claim otherwise,
00:21:12 according to the theory, the ancient
00:21:14 super ancient stars, super super ancient
00:21:16 galaxies were all essentially producing
00:21:19 a lot of UV light. But because of the
00:21:20 red shift, because of the expansion of
00:21:22 the universe, due to the big bang, the
00:21:24 wavelength from those stars has now
00:21:26 decreased to the infrared frequencies.
00:21:28 So if you want to see those super super
00:21:30 ancient stars and very very powerful
00:21:32 galaxies, we have to see infrared light
00:21:34 today. And that's why space telescopes
00:21:37 like the James Web are essentially uh
00:21:40 absolutely necessary for that to to to
00:21:42 essentially prove these different
00:21:43 propositions and hypotheses
00:21:46 that we have. Such a difficult word.
00:21:48 Anyway, uh next comment question
00:21:51 concern. Uh is this telescope using the
00:21:53 laser tag to autocorrect? Uh so the
00:21:56 interesting thing about this telescope
00:21:57 is that as far as I'm aware, it does not
00:21:59 have any auto correction. Uh it does not
00:22:02 correct for atmospheric interference
00:22:04 because it's not able to. It's the way
00:22:06 this is designed is that unlike typical
00:22:09 telescopes that focus on just one point
00:22:10 where you can kind of autocorrect using
00:22:12 lasers, this one has a very it's it's
00:22:15 it's actually essentially the first
00:22:17 telescope to use a very wide uh view.
00:22:20 And that's what makes it so interesting
00:22:22 because normally you have telescopes
00:22:24 that are either wide view or super
00:22:26 focused and you don't we don't really
00:22:28 get a lot of telescope that can do both.
00:22:30 This one though can because of the way
00:22:32 it was designed. So, it has an enormous
00:22:34 mirror and very sensitive um CCD uh
00:22:38 sensor and it's able to collect a lot of
00:22:41 data, but it doesn't auto correct using
00:22:43 lasers. I think they're using some kind
00:22:44 of algorithm. I'm not I hope that maybe
00:22:46 they'll explain it during the stream,
00:22:48 but I don't know the details because I'm
00:22:50 not a technician and not familiar with
00:22:52 the actual technology. So, I'm I'm sure
00:22:54 there's something going on that's going
00:22:56 to correct it a little bit, but just not
00:22:57 as much as a modern telescope that uses
00:22:59 the laser correction system, which is
00:23:01 usually why, you know, if you ever see a
00:23:03 picture of a telescope, let me see if I
00:23:05 can actually find one. Telescope laser,
00:23:09 you get you usually get these like
00:23:10 pictures of Oh, yeah. laser guiding uh
00:23:13 systems. So, that that laser stuff
00:23:16 that's that's to order correct for
00:23:17 atmospheric interference and to guide
00:23:19 telescope towards certain locations.
00:23:20 This one is not going to be doing that.
00:23:23 This one is just going to be sitting
00:23:25 there and collecting a lot of pictures
00:23:27 over and over and over and over again.
00:23:29 And they're all going to be absolutely
00:23:31 uh amazing.
00:23:33 Uh okay, Gang Nin, thank you for the
00:23:38 donation and also a question, I guess.
00:23:40 Good evening. I never missed your single
00:23:41 video since 2019. Uh you've been our
00:23:43 main uh source of science news ever
00:23:45 since. Keep up keep up the good work.
00:23:47 Thank you so much. Not a question, but
00:23:48 thank you so much. I appreciate it. Uh,
00:23:52 all right. Cool, cool, cool, cool, cool,
00:23:53 cool, cool, cool, cool. I hope I didn't
00:23:55 miss the Oh, something's happening.
00:23:57 Nothing's happening yet. Okay, we have
00:23:59 20 minutes. Right. Right. So, let me let
00:24:01 me see what what else I wanted to
00:24:03 mention. I also wanted to mention that
00:24:05 uh this telescope has several primary
00:24:07 missions. Unlike unlike previous
00:24:08 telescopes that would only focus like on
00:24:10 maybe one or two things, this one
00:24:11 actually has a variety of missions that
00:24:13 are going to be quite difficult to
00:24:15 achieve uh at first, but it has 10 years
00:24:18 to do it.
00:24:19 First of all is obviously uh it's going
00:24:21 to study dark matter. Uh the way it's
00:24:23 going to be doing it is through the um
00:24:26 effect known as weak gravitational
00:24:29 lensing. Let me see if I can find it. Uh
00:24:33 didn't find a picture for that in
00:24:34 advance. So it's essentially uh it so
00:24:37 this is the strong gravitational
00:24:39 lensing. This is the effect uh where we
00:24:41 know that certain masses produce
00:24:43 gravitational lenses and uh we like this
00:24:46 is the Einstein lens. We know that this
00:24:47 is the effect from both mass and dark
00:24:50 matter in this object inside this object
00:24:52 inside this galactic cluster. But it's
00:24:54 going to be here this telescope is
00:24:56 mostly going to be focusing on the
00:24:57 weaker effects. So the ones that are
00:24:59 kind of difficult to see but they're
00:25:00 still there and it's going to use a lot
00:25:03 of different pictures that it's going to
00:25:05 be collecting over the next 10 years to
00:25:07 essentially assemble this kind of a map
00:25:08 of dark matter. Um no matter what it is,
00:25:11 we have no idea what it is. We know it's
00:25:12 there. Uh the effects are there. The uh
00:25:15 mystery is there. We just don't know
00:25:16 what it is. We don't know if it's a
00:25:17 particle. We don't know if it's a
00:25:19 formula thing, which it probably isn't
00:25:21 because it's been disproven several
00:25:22 times. We don't know if it's um some
00:25:25 kind of a strange
00:25:27 fifth dimension multi-dimension thing.
00:25:30 We just know that it's there and it's
00:25:31 undeniable. It's been proven many times.
00:25:33 It's just nobody knows what it is
00:25:35 though. It's just that it's there. Uh
00:25:37 and that's one of its main missions.
00:25:39 It's also going to try to study dark
00:25:40 energy uh which is mostly a mission for
00:25:44 another telescope known another mission
00:25:45 known as desi. We've discussed this in
00:25:47 some of the videos uh or you can just
00:25:50 type desi d e s i you you'll find the
00:25:53 actual mission pretty quickly. Uh but
00:25:55 yeah dark matter dark dark energy weak
00:25:57 gradation lensing. What else? Uh we have
00:26:00 the concept known as bario barrier and
00:26:02 acoustic oscillations known as also
00:26:04 known as bow. That's a pretty cool
00:26:06 concept um but it's kind of hard to
00:26:07 explain it in five minutes. Uh, I'm
00:26:10 going to possibly post some links in the
00:26:12 description from previous videos that
00:26:13 talk about it, but it's essentially
00:26:14 these ancient bubbles from the beginning
00:26:16 of the universe that seem to be
00:26:18 everywhere, but it's really difficult to
00:26:20 find them and difficult to see them. We
00:26:22 just think and know they should be
00:26:24 there. And this telescope is going to be
00:26:27 really really good at detecting them.
00:26:29 And uh also it's also going to be really
00:26:31 really really really good at detecting
00:26:33 various um transients which is basically
00:26:36 short word for explosions. Any kind of a
00:26:39 change of light like for example sudden
00:26:41 nova like the one we we just uh talked
00:26:43 about in the video today uh there's a in
00:26:46 case you you haven't watched the video
00:26:47 there's actually a nova in the sky. You
00:26:48 can you can see it with the naked eye.
00:26:50 Um there is also what else? uh any kind
00:26:55 of asteroid passage is going to be able
00:26:57 to see any kind of a comet is going to
00:26:59 be able to see to see is going to be
00:27:00 able to detect minute changes in light.
00:27:03 And so researchers behind this telescope
00:27:05 actually expected to find an enormous
00:27:08 amount of near-ear asteroids like the
00:27:10 amount we've never even imagined. We're
00:27:12 we're talking about instead of finding
00:27:13 hundreds per day, we're going to be
00:27:15 finding like thousands if not even
00:27:17 millions. Uh, and it's going to be able
00:27:20 to find a tremendous amount of objects
00:27:22 we just could not see before because
00:27:23 it's so sensitive. And because this
00:27:26 telescope is has a wide perspective,
00:27:30 um, it's going to be able to capture so
00:27:32 many pictures at once and then compare
00:27:34 them u within just, you know, like a few
00:27:37 days or so. So, it's going to be pretty
00:27:39 pretty good at detecting a lot of
00:27:40 different changes in the night skies,
00:27:42 which is something we've been waiting
00:27:44 for for a long time. All right, let me
00:27:46 show you something else here. I was
00:27:47 going to show you this picture I showed
00:27:49 you. Oh, yeah. That's a picture of Vera
00:27:51 Rubin, the No, go back. The lady who uh
00:27:55 who this telescope is named after. So,
00:27:57 she is probably one of the most
00:27:59 well-known researchers when it comes to
00:28:01 dark matter. And here is the picture of
00:28:04 the actual uh sensor, the you know, like
00:28:07 you have a camera camera sensor in your
00:28:09 in your camera. So, that's the sensor
00:28:11 they have in this telescope. And it
00:28:13 actually looks like this if you look at
00:28:15 it. Uh where is it? Where's the picture?
00:28:16 I had some really cool pictures I found
00:28:19 of someone holding the sensor in their
00:28:21 hand. I just can't find it anymore. Ah,
00:28:24 where are you? Where are you? Picture.
00:28:27 Okay, that's the telescope. I don't need
00:28:28 that one. Oh, that's the uh that's the
00:28:30 mirror. That's how big the mirror is. I
00:28:32 think it's over um what's the exact
00:28:34 size? I have the exact size somewhere.
00:28:36 It is exactly
00:28:39 uh it's exactly
00:28:43 it's 8.4 24 meters which is uh Google
00:28:48 help me what's meters and two two feet
00:28:51 it is uh 28 ft approximately so that's
00:28:54 pretty big it's a pretty big uh mirror
00:28:57 and the sensor is also very big as well
00:28:59 so yeah it's a massive massive telescope
00:29:01 not the biggest but it's going to be the
00:29:03 most sensitive because of the
00:29:04 combination of the mirror and the sensor
00:29:07 uh and back to questions if there are
00:29:10 any did I miss anything
00:29:14 Uh,
00:29:16 okay.
00:29:21 Okay. Questions. I'm looking for the
00:29:21 questions mark. Question marks.
00:29:24 Uh, is the 10 to 12 year old mission
00:29:27 time standard? It's not. It's it's just
00:29:29 this is the minimal time uh for the
00:29:31 mission. They're hoping for more. It's
00:29:32 it basically depends on the funding. Uh
00:29:35 you might have heard that there's a we
00:29:36 don't know what's going to happen with
00:29:37 the funding for the National Science
00:29:38 Foundation. Uh so they already have 800
00:29:42 million prepared for this uh for the
00:29:45 next 10 years. That's the 10-year uh
00:29:46 mission plan. But if there's more
00:29:48 funding, they'll be able to continue it
00:29:49 indefinitely. Unlike uh unlike space
00:29:52 telescopes, this one this one can be
00:29:53 expanded, it can be repaired, it can be
00:29:55 improved. Uh so that's not really an
00:29:58 issue for uh for the mission on on on
00:30:01 Earth compared to a space telescope like
00:30:03 James Web. James Web does have a mission
00:30:05 limitation just because it's in space
00:30:07 and we're unable to repair it and we're
00:30:09 unable to fix it if something breaks.
00:30:12 Okay. Um,
00:30:15 okay. Someone's asking about a white
00:30:16 hole. Uh, white holes. No, never
00:30:18 detected. Sorry. Sorry. Never seen.
00:30:22 Uh, next question or concern.
00:30:25 Uh, do I think we'll ever inhabit Mars?
00:30:28 Not really. Probably not. Sorry. Also,
00:30:31 sorry. We we'll probably send some
00:30:33 robots and automated missions, but like
00:30:35 what would you do on Mars? Uh it's not
00:30:38 not fun. And also there's probably no
00:30:39 way back if you land. So like not not
00:30:43 for a while at least. Not this
00:30:44 definitely not this generation. Maybe
00:30:46 maybe in a few generations from now if
00:30:48 we get a little bit smarter, but not
00:30:49 yet. Um
00:30:52 c cool. So how we doing here? Not hasn't
00:30:56 started yet. Good. Uh so I was going to
00:30:58 go through Oh, here let me show you one
00:31:00 of the first pictures. They're probably
00:31:01 going to be showing this, too. So, this
00:31:04 this is this is what it's capable of.
00:31:06 Let me just remove my face from here.
00:31:09 This what you see in here is the most
00:31:11 detailed picture of one of the most
00:31:13 famous clusters uh Virgo cluster. I want
00:31:15 to show you what it looked like before.
00:31:18 This is the before picture. This is from
00:31:19 like I think a few years back uh when
00:31:22 they took it with the um DSS uh survey.
00:31:27 I think this was this is from the
00:31:29 European Southern Observatory. And now
00:31:32 the same picture kind of looks like
00:31:33 this. So absolutely mind-blowing detail
00:31:36 like just insane amount of detail. Uh
00:31:38 and here we'll be able to see things we
00:31:41 have never seen before from from uh from
00:31:43 the ground. Just ridiculous detail. Uh
00:31:47 I'm sure they will mention more about
00:31:49 this because I didn't really get any
00:31:50 detail either. I mean I got a picture
00:31:52 but that's about it. Uh hopefully when
00:31:54 we have the official official stream
00:31:56 from Vera Rubin Observatory, we'll we'll
00:31:59 get to hear and see more. But the reason
00:32:01 this Virgo cluster is important is
00:32:02 actually because this is one of the few
00:32:04 clusters where we we definitively see
00:32:06 effects from dark matter and it's really
00:32:08 important for dark matter research. And
00:32:10 so by seeing more uh we'll be able to
00:32:13 people scientists will be able to to
00:32:15 tell what's going on here.
00:32:19 Uh the black dots on the other picture
00:32:22 that was most likely just from the
00:32:24 telescope blocking the uh view. They
00:32:26 sometimes certain telescopes have uh
00:32:29 limitations.
00:32:31 Okay, cool. Cool. What's going on next?
00:32:33 Uh what else do we have? So what do we
00:32:35 know about this telescope? Well, first
00:32:37 of all, we know that the actual uh
00:32:39 planning started back in the late 1990s
00:32:43 and by early 2000s they actually started
00:32:45 building it. So it's been in
00:32:46 construction for a very long time. Um
00:32:50 and uh the main mission is to it's it's
00:32:53 sort of a continuation of the uh survey
00:32:55 missions. The the official surveys um
00:32:58 like the first surveys I guess started
00:33:01 like over 150 years ago with what we
00:33:04 used to call photographic plates. So
00:33:05 astronomers would used to take a look at
00:33:07 like a a spot in the night skies. They
00:33:10 would take a picture not a picture but a
00:33:11 photographic plate of that particular
00:33:13 location and then they would do this one
00:33:16 after another after another. uh and keep
00:33:18 them in uh some kind of a library
00:33:20 somewhere. I think I think Harvard
00:33:22 actually has one of the biggest ones and
00:33:24 these photographic plates were super
00:33:25 important for discovering a lot of
00:33:27 things about um astrophysics. For
00:33:30 example, that's how Hubble, the Edwin
00:33:32 Hubble was able to to prove that
00:33:34 universe even existed because he looked
00:33:36 at a photographic plate of the Andromeda
00:33:38 galaxy and he discovered a tiny tiny
00:33:40 piece a tiny tiny spot in there that
00:33:43 turned out to be a very important star.
00:33:45 And that star had to be super far away
00:33:47 for this to be real. And that gave him
00:33:50 sort of a clue that we're looking at
00:33:52 something super distant. And so the
00:33:54 universe must be massive compared to
00:33:56 what scientists thought before that. So,
00:33:58 photographic plates is how it all
00:33:59 started. But by 2000s, we had automated
00:34:03 uh surveys and one of the most famous
00:34:05 ones is called SDSS. Let me see if I can
00:34:07 get a website for this
00:34:10 or not. Didn't work. Okay, let's try
00:34:13 again. SDSS is here somewhere. Yeah,
00:34:17 Sloan Digital Sky Survey. So, that's
00:34:21 where that's our first um
00:34:24 Come back. Where are you? Here. SDSS. So
00:34:27 that's one of our first automated
00:34:29 surveys and it was pretty good. It's
00:34:30 it's still used today by a lot of
00:34:32 different astronomers. Uh this this
00:34:34 basically collected a very very large
00:34:36 amount of I guess equivalent of a
00:34:38 photographic plates but digital
00:34:40 photographic plates across the night
00:34:42 skies and created kind of a map of the
00:34:44 night skies for us. But uh because it
00:34:47 was not super high quality this is why
00:34:50 researchers needed something better and
00:34:52 that that was the birth of the uh this
00:34:54 particular telescope.
00:34:56 So, it's it's going to be the most
00:34:58 accurate, the most uh what's the other
00:35:02 word? The basically the biggest map of
00:35:05 the night skies, but unfortunately only
00:35:07 the southern skies because it's in
00:35:09 Chile, so it's only going to be focusing
00:35:10 on the southern hemisphere. So, we need
00:35:13 to have something similar in the north,
00:35:14 but unfortunately there's no similar
00:35:17 location in the north. Um, unless I
00:35:19 guess someone builds it somewhere in
00:35:21 like north Norway or something, but
00:35:23 hasn't happened yet.
00:35:25 And for the next 10 years, it's going to
00:35:27 be taking advantage of the Chileian
00:35:29 night skies, which are usually supposed
00:35:31 to be super clear and brilliant, uh, and
00:35:35 some of the darkest nights on Earth
00:35:37 actually, to conduct a very large
00:35:39 astronomical survey,
00:35:42 more ambitious than any previous
00:35:43 scientific project.
00:35:46 And one of its uh goals is also except
00:35:48 for dark matter and stuff, it's also
00:35:50 going to be studying uh near earth
00:35:51 asteroids which is actually a lot more
00:35:54 important for I guess uh earth defense.
00:35:58 Uh when it comes to earth defense um we
00:36:00 need to catch as many near-Earth
00:36:02 asteroids as possible. You might have
00:36:04 heard, you might remember the story from
00:36:06 about like a few months ago, the
00:36:08 asteroid that was discovered last
00:36:09 minute, the 2014 YV4 that was possibly
00:36:14 colliding with Earth, but suddenly was
00:36:15 colliding with the moon after that. So
00:36:18 that particular asteroid was discovered
00:36:20 last minute. But according to the
00:36:22 researchers um that were creating this
00:36:24 telescope, they basically said that we
00:36:26 would have found it a long time ago. So
00:36:28 it's going to be able to it's going to
00:36:30 be able to do all of this pretty
00:36:31 quickly. Uh, oh my god, someone gave a
00:36:34 lot of people memberships. Thank you so
00:36:36 much. How do I Wow, 50 memberships.
00:36:39 Thank you, Lucas. Amazing. Wow, that's
00:36:43 amazing.
00:36:44 Thank you so much. And thank you, Yuri,
00:36:47 for donating uh€ 10.
00:36:49 That's That's also my son's name. Um
00:36:53 anyway, so um what was I talking about?
00:36:58 Yeah, so asteroids. is going to be
00:36:59 finding a lot of asteroids, a lot of
00:37:00 comets, a lot of stuff in the solar
00:37:02 system. So for earth defense, it is
00:37:05 going to be abs. This mission is going
00:37:07 to be absolutely essential. And there's
00:37:08 also hope that if planet 9 is real,
00:37:11 which a lot of scientists now doubt
00:37:14 based on the on the video I made a few
00:37:16 months ago where someone uh there's a
00:37:18 team that discovered a dwarf planet that
00:37:21 potentially proves planet 9 uh wrong uh
00:37:25 planet 9 hypothesis. Uh but anyway, so
00:37:28 if it exists, this telescope should be
00:37:30 able to see something somewhere out
00:37:31 there. If not, then well, too bad.
00:37:34 Anyway, uh hello and welcome everyone
00:37:37 whoever just arrived to this stream. Uh
00:37:40 if I'm starting to struggle pronouncing
00:37:43 things and talking very slowly, it's
00:37:44 because it's almost midnight here. Uh I,
00:37:48 as some of you know, I am actually in
00:37:49 South Korea right now. So, it is going
00:37:52 to be pretty hard for me to talk after
00:37:54 after 1:00 a.m. mostly because I'm so
00:37:56 tired. But, we have about 5 minutes
00:37:58 before the stream starts. I'm going to
00:38:00 in in about 5 minutes and 30 seconds,
00:38:02 I'm going to shut up and we're going to
00:38:04 listen to what the uh stream by the uh
00:38:08 Vera Rubin Observatory has to say
00:38:10 because their stuff is going to be
00:38:11 really important or I guess more
00:38:13 important than what what I'm saying
00:38:15 because I'm kind of curious to hear what
00:38:16 they have to say too. Anyway, so apart
00:38:19 from the near-Earth asteroids and all
00:38:21 kinds of Kyper belt objects, um this
00:38:24 mission is also going to be looking or
00:38:26 finding a lot of different Nova,
00:38:28 supernova, all kinds of transients.
00:38:30 We're going to be seeing way way more
00:38:31 explosions in the night skies than ever
00:38:33 could before because of the way that it
00:38:35 is going to be taking pictures after
00:38:37 pictures and comparing them. Um so it's
00:38:40 going to be able to detect a lot of
00:38:41 transients in the night skies
00:38:43 and that's going to be super exciting.
00:38:45 And one of its uh missions is also to
00:38:47 map our galaxy. It's going to be mapping
00:38:49 the actual materials in the Milky Way um
00:38:53 contributing to the previous uh
00:38:55 discoveries by the Gaia mission and
00:38:58 which actually makes it a little bit
00:38:59 different from other telescopes. So we
00:39:00 do have some other powerful telescopes
00:39:02 like uh like I mentioned the mission
00:39:04 known as DESI uh dark energy survey
00:39:07 instrument and that one is kind of doing
00:39:10 something similar but it's looking
00:39:12 everywhere but the Milky Way. So it's
00:39:14 basically looking at other distant
00:39:15 galaxies. It's looking at galactic
00:39:17 clusters far far away. It's ignoring
00:39:19 most of the stuff in the Milky Way. This
00:39:21 telescope though is going to be looking
00:39:23 at everything including the Milky Way.
00:39:26 So this is why it's a little bit more
00:39:28 intriguing, more interesting. There's
00:39:29 basically has like a
00:39:32 collection of different things is going
00:39:34 to be presenting to uh to us and someone
00:39:38 out there is going to love it. no matter
00:39:39 what it presents, it's going to be a bit
00:39:41 of everything for everyone, which is
00:39:43 going to be super exciting, I think. Uh,
00:39:46 basically gives me a lot of hope because
00:39:48 nowadays it's kind of hard to find
00:39:50 exciting topics to talk about,
00:39:51 especially due to a lot of budget cuts.
00:39:54 Um, not a lot of good science has been
00:39:56 going on in the last few months, but
00:39:58 this will probably change it. So, we'll
00:40:00 have a lot of stuff to talk about in the
00:40:01 next few months.
00:40:03 Okay, what's going on? Uh, let's see.
00:40:05 What did I miss? Uh, Grover, thank you
00:40:09 so much for the donation. And how much
00:40:10 data will the sensor be able to capture?
00:40:12 Is it near real-time capture? So, that
00:40:15 part I don't know because I I know just
00:40:19 as much as you when it comes to the
00:40:20 actual technicals. Uh, I just know that
00:40:23 it's supposedly going to have 10 times
00:40:26 at least 10 times more capability
00:40:27 compared to previous uh surveys. So I
00:40:31 think actually if I if you look here at
00:40:33 the preview, it kind of shows you the
00:40:35 the visual representation of this. Let
00:40:38 me see. Uh so in a nutshell, as far as I
00:40:42 know, uh it's supposedly going to be
00:40:44 able to capture approximately um
00:40:49 where where is it? Hold on, let me find
00:40:50 it. I forgot how many exact images it's
00:40:53 going to be capturing. Oh, come back.
00:40:58 So every 30 seconds is going to be
00:41:01 capturing a picture somewhere out there
00:41:03 and it's going to be pointing the uh
00:41:06 actual the researchers are going to be
00:41:08 pointing the telescope at slightly
00:41:09 different parts of the night skies and
00:41:12 they're going to be able to capture huge
00:41:14 areas every single day. And so basically
00:41:17 after every single day they're hoping to
00:41:20 to capture as much as possible and do
00:41:22 this over and over and over again just
00:41:23 to in order to find um various
00:41:26 transients in order to find slight
00:41:28 deviations which might be different
00:41:30 asteroids and so on. Uh also wait
00:41:35 what else was it? Um so is it near
00:41:37 realtime capture? The actual capture is
00:41:39 real time but the data is obviously not
00:41:41 going to be accessed in real time as
00:41:44 with most telescopes. the amount of data
00:41:46 is just absolutely ridiculous. So, it it
00:41:49 will probably most likely have to be
00:41:50 processed first and then like maybe
00:41:52 after a week or two, possibly a few
00:41:54 months, we'll start getting some uh
00:41:56 processed data that researchers can use
00:41:57 for um for actual detections or for for
00:42:01 research. Uh like there was a there was
00:42:04 something I'm trying to remember which
00:42:06 telescope it was recently. There was a
00:42:07 telescope that suddenly released a lot
00:42:09 of data for everyone and we had an
00:42:12 enormous amount of papers coming out
00:42:14 just because the data was kind of stuck
00:42:15 and unprocessed. Uh so once the data is
00:42:18 processed usually you get a lot of
00:42:19 papers at the same time but in terms of
00:42:21 how much data a lot. I don't know
00:42:24 exactly how much but a lot. Uh it way
00:42:27 more than James for sure. Oh yeah yeah
00:42:30 here it says it says in this picture I
00:42:31 think one image would need 4K
00:42:34 highdeinition TVs. So whatever that
00:42:36 means in terabytes or gigabytes. So
00:42:39 basically a lot uh the the the actual
00:42:44 technical parts I'm not really familiar
00:42:46 with.
00:42:48 Uh okie dokie. What's 43 seconds? 42
00:42:52 seconds. Okay. We're almost there. Uh
00:42:53 okay. So let's see. We're once they
00:42:56 start talking and once there's something
00:43:00 here that needs to be listened to. I'm
00:43:02 going to switch. I'm going to turn
00:43:03 myself off and I'm going to let them do
00:43:05 the talking because this is an exciting
00:43:07 stream. It's we we only get these like
00:43:09 once a year. So, you know, it's
00:43:11 interesting to listen to this kind of
00:43:12 stuff. Um,
00:43:15 do we know what frame rate it is? Uh,
00:43:17 it's it's not really a frame rate
00:43:19 because it's just still taking pictures.
00:43:21 So, it's, you know, one picture per
00:43:23 frame. But, but it will be creating
00:43:25 these huge maps though. So, it's and the
00:43:27 maps will be changing slightly. Um, it
00:43:30 says every four nights approximately is
00:43:33 going to be changing the entire night
00:43:35 sky. So, yeah. So, I guess it's one
00:43:37 frame, no,
00:43:40 one frame, two frames per week. There we
00:43:42 go. Two frames per week approximately.
00:43:45 Uh, so, so that's the approximate uh
00:43:48 approximate frame rate.
00:43:51 Uh,
00:43:53 do does Ver Rubin Observatory have
00:43:55 continuous live streams from a website?
00:43:57 I don't think so. I don't think they
00:43:59 actually do this because you have to
00:44:01 remember it is still in a remote
00:44:03 location and uh they do need all of the
00:44:05 all the possible uh data that they can
00:44:08 get for the actual sending out the u the
00:44:12 processed information and stuff. So I
00:44:13 don't think they have a live stream but
00:44:15 I might be wrong. Some telescopes do
00:44:16 have a live stream not of the actual
00:44:18 night skies that they're looking at but
00:44:19 just like of I don't know parking lot
00:44:21 from outside or whatever. Uh, normally
00:44:24 these types of telescopes, they do not
00:44:26 they don't have actual live streams,
00:44:28 unfortunately. Although I'm sure if
00:44:29 someone can figure out how to do it,
00:44:31 it'll be that'll be great. Um, oh, so
00:44:35 someone actually asked a great question.
00:44:38 Dlay H, thank you so much for your
00:44:40 donation. And the question is, how do
00:44:42 they distinguish thousands of asteroids
00:44:44 from thousands of satellites? And that
00:44:46 is actually the biggest question that
00:44:47 just came up recently. Uh so there is an
00:44:51 algorithm that they use to try to avoid
00:44:55 uh detections of various satellites
00:44:57 especially because of the uh all of the
00:44:59 internet based satellites we have today.
00:45:01 Oh, something's happening. Um I'm going
00:45:04 to turn myself off in 5 seconds. But
00:45:06 anyway, yeah, so the long story short is
00:45:08 that it's an algorithm, but it is a huge
00:45:10 issue and I'm sure they'll mention it or
00:45:12 and if not, I'll talk talk about it
00:45:14 after they after they uh we get to watch
00:45:16 this. Let me see. Uh, let me see what to
00:45:19 turn this on. How to turn this on. I
00:45:21 need to turn this off.
00:45:24 I need to turn this off. I'm going to
00:45:25 come back in a couple minutes. Let's see
00:45:28 what uh what they talk about. And tasked
00:45:30 with the longest maybe ever
00:45:50 [Music]
00:45:50 Bringing the night sky to life.
00:46:13 [Applause]
00:46:13 Welcome. Welcome. On behalf of my
00:46:16 colleagues at the National Science
00:46:18 Foundation and the Department of
00:46:19 Energy's Office of Science, I welcome
00:46:22 everybody here and all those streaming
00:46:25 online.
00:46:27 This day marks a very special occasion
00:46:30 revealing and celebrating the first look
00:46:33 at the universe through the eyes of NSF
00:46:36 DOE Vera C. Reuben Observatory. As we
00:46:39 begin to bring online
00:46:42 priority for groundbased astronomy in
00:46:44 the National Academyy's 2010 decadal
00:46:46 survey,
00:46:48 we trust that you will enjoy this tiny
00:46:51 peak at the many discoveries to come and
00:46:54 we are very excited to show you. I am
00:46:58 Edward Aar, the NSF program director for
00:47:01 Reuben Observatory.
00:47:03 Before we begin, I would like to thank
00:47:05 the nationalmies for providing this
00:47:08 beautiful venue and excellent support
00:47:11 for this occasion. And now it is my
00:47:14 pleasure and honor to introduce to you
00:47:16 Brian Stone, NSF Chief of Staff,
00:47:19 performing the duties of the NSF
00:47:21 director. Please welcome Brian Stone.
00:47:25 [Applause]
00:47:34 Well, thank you, Ed, and thank you to
00:47:35 all of you for being here today. Uh,
00:47:38 starting today, our ability to
00:47:40 understand dark matter, dark energy, and
00:47:43 planetary defense will grow even faster
00:47:46 than ever before. This exciting new
00:47:48 future is thanks to the vision, work,
00:47:51 and support of the many people we're
00:47:53 proud to recognize here today. Let me
00:47:56 begin by thanking the White House Office
00:47:58 of Science and Technology Policy
00:47:59 Director Michael Katzios and the
00:48:02 administration for their continued
00:48:03 support of exploratory science. By
00:48:06 working across federal agencies, OSTP,
00:48:09 NSF, DOE, we turned shared investment
00:48:14 and coordination into a transformative
00:48:16 inter agency public private partnership.
00:48:19 The flagship observatory has been more
00:48:22 than 20 years in the making with NSF
00:48:25 behind the project every step. NSF
00:48:28 brought together a coalition of partners
00:48:30 to build and support the cutting edge
00:48:33 facility instrument and data management
00:48:36 systems. More than 40 international
00:48:38 organizations contributed to building
00:48:40 survey telescope with the ability to
00:48:42 gather more data than all other ground
00:48:45 and space-based optical telescopes in
00:48:47 history combined.
00:48:49 NSF is proud to continue to lead
00:48:52 Reubin's operations as it begins to
00:48:54 deliver on its promise to expand our
00:48:56 understanding of the universe.
00:48:59 Thank you to DOE, our international
00:49:02 partners in Chile, private donors like
00:49:04 Charles Simone, the nationalmies for
00:49:07 prioritizing Reubin and the 2020 uh 2010
00:49:10 astronomy and astrophysics decal survey
00:49:12 and the entire Reubin team, especially
00:49:14 Tony Tyson, a Reuben LSST chief
00:49:18 scientist who conceived and championed
00:49:20 this project from the start.
00:49:22 Vera Rubin is the namesake of this
00:49:24 facility because she is the symbol of
00:49:26 scientific excellence. Her legacy
00:49:28 reshaped astrophysics and our
00:49:30 understanding of dark matter.
00:49:32 Generations of researchers have been and
00:49:34 will continue to be inspired by her.
00:49:36 Alan Rubin, one of Vera's children who's
00:49:38 joining us here virtually today, once
00:49:41 told NSF, "Ver believed there is always
00:49:43 more to be discovered. So, let's keep
00:49:46 discovering together and proving her
00:49:48 right." Now, I hand it off to Kathy
00:49:51 Turner from the Department of Energy.
00:49:53 Thank you.
00:50:07 Hello everybody. We're incredibly
00:50:07 thrilled to be here today for the
00:50:08 unveiling of these new images from the
00:50:11 groundbreaking NSF DOE Very Rubin
00:50:13 Observatory. Just a preview of the data
00:50:16 to come. I'm Kathy Turner, program
00:50:19 manager for Reubin Observatory from the
00:50:21 Department of Energy, Office of Science.
00:50:24 Carrying out this project in partnership
00:50:26 with NSF and the private and
00:50:29 international partners has enabled us to
00:50:31 bring all of our strengths to this
00:50:33 amazing observatory. I am honored to
00:50:36 work with all of them and look forward
00:50:38 to our continued partnership.
00:50:41 This observatory represents a giant leap
00:50:44 in our ability to explore the cosmos and
00:50:47 unwrap the mysteries of the universe. Of
00:50:51 great interest also to the observatory's
00:50:53 namesake, Dr. Rubin. Now I'd like to
00:50:56 introduce Harriet Kung, our acting
00:50:59 director of the office of science at
00:51:01 Department of Energy. with decades of
00:51:04 experience in scientific leadership. Her
00:51:07 vision and dedication have made have
00:51:09 been instrumental in making this uh
00:51:12 amazing observatory a reality. Please
00:51:15 welcome Dr. Kun.
00:51:17 [Applause]
00:51:33 Good morning everyone. Thank you Kathy
00:51:33 for the wonderful introduction.
00:51:35 On behalf of the uh the US Department of
00:51:37 Energy, let me add my thanks to the long
00:51:40 list organization that has made today's
00:51:43 event possible.
00:51:45 First of all, nationalmies, I would
00:51:48 especially like to single out the board
00:51:49 on physics and astronomy and also the
00:51:52 space studies board for hosting us in
00:51:55 this beautiful auditorium today. I also
00:51:58 want to thank White House OSTP,
00:52:01 the National Science Foundation and also
00:52:04 the Association of Universities for
00:52:06 Research in Astronomy as well as my
00:52:08 colleagues in DOE Office of Science for
00:52:11 putting together the wonderful program
00:52:13 that will witness today. But let me
00:52:16 first introduce a short video from the
00:52:18 Secretary of Energy, Chris Wright, who
00:52:22 is not able to join us today, but he
00:52:24 took the time during his recent visit to
00:52:26 Slack National Accelerator Laboratory to
00:52:28 film the the video you'll be seeing
00:52:31 shortly. So, let's cue the video.
00:52:53 Today we celebrate the culmination of
00:52:53 two decades of scientific and
00:52:55 technological innovation have given us
00:52:58 an ability to look into the cosmos to
00:53:00 understand our universe itself.
00:53:03 This is the Vera Rubin telescope in
00:53:06 Chile. And I want to congratulate all of
00:53:09 those at the Department of Energy and
00:53:11 the National Science Foundation, those
00:53:13 working at Slack out here in California
00:53:15 where I'm standing right now, and those
00:53:17 on the ground in Chile for this
00:53:19 tremendous technological achievement
00:53:22 that truly will bring an understanding
00:53:24 of our universe simply not possible
00:53:27 before.
00:53:29 The movie is started, the camera is
00:53:31 running, and we're going to see our
00:53:33 cosmos unfold before us. Congrats to
00:53:36 all.
00:53:43 Thank you, Secretary Wright.
00:53:43 Having this event today um really feels
00:53:46 like a homecoming.
00:53:48 It was really the 2010 National Academy
00:53:52 study for astronomy and astrophysics
00:53:54 that recommended that our high energy
00:53:56 physics program partner with NSF on what
00:54:00 would become the Ruby Observatory which
00:54:02 was the one number one topranked
00:54:05 groundbased project. As Brian has
00:54:08 already mentioned, the NSF DOE Verosc
00:54:12 Rubin Observatory was a project long in
00:54:15 the making with many moving parts. The
00:54:18 DOE's Office of Science was proud to
00:54:20 lead the construction of the LSST cam,
00:54:24 the largest digital camera ever built.
00:54:27 It is size of a small car, but twice as
00:54:30 heavy. The camera boasting an impressive
00:54:34 3,200 megapixel resolution
00:54:38 was lovingly designed and fabricated by
00:54:42 scientists and engineers at Slack
00:54:44 National Accelerator Laboratory with
00:54:47 critical contributions from DOE other
00:54:50 national laboratories as well as
00:54:52 international partners.
00:54:54 This camera in conjunction with the Sony
00:54:57 survey telescope will create a 10-year
00:55:00 survey of the sky in the southern
00:55:02 hemisphere known as the legacy surveys
00:55:05 of space and time.
00:55:08 This treasure trove of data data set
00:55:10 will give researchers unprecedented
00:55:13 depth and clarity to questions that
00:55:17 drive the fundamental research supported
00:55:19 by the office of science. And some of
00:55:21 the questions include how can we better
00:55:25 understand the matter and energy that
00:55:27 makes up 95% of our universe and why is
00:55:32 our universe ever expanding quickly and
00:55:35 how is that pattern change over time and
00:55:38 also what role did dark matter play in
00:55:42 how our universe evolved.
00:55:45 We anticipate that the observatory will
00:55:47 give us many insights into our past, our
00:55:51 future, and possibly the fate of the
00:55:54 universe.
00:55:56 Answering these questions is a challenge
00:55:59 that is matted matched with the many
00:56:02 many talents that contributed to today's
00:56:05 success and the survey. And we at DOE
00:56:08 are extremely proud of the many people
00:56:10 that have contributed to this amazing
00:56:12 project. We're especially grateful for
00:56:16 the indispensable cooperations from our
00:56:18 international partners.
00:56:21 In particular, the success of the Reuben
00:56:23 Observatory relies on its location
00:56:28 Sarah Fishon in northern central Chile.
00:56:31 That's why I'm so pleased to introduce
00:56:34 to you his excellency, the ambassador of
00:56:37 Chile to the United States. Ambassador
00:56:41 Juan Gabrielle Valdez has dedicated his
00:56:44 career to fostering strong ties between
00:56:47 our nations. Please join me in welcoming
00:56:51 Ambassador Valdez. Thank you.
00:57:09 Good morning everyone.
00:57:09 Mr. Michael Katzio, director of the
00:57:12 White House Office of Science and
00:57:14 Technology Policy.
00:57:17 Mrs. Harriet Kung, acting director of
00:57:21 the Office of Science at the Department
00:57:23 of Energy.
00:57:24 Mr. Brian Stone performing the duties of
00:57:27 the director of the National Science
00:57:28 Foundation,
00:57:30 distinguished American and international
00:57:32 authorities, esteemed scientists and
00:57:35 friends of the National Academy of
00:57:37 Science who welcome us today.
00:57:40 I'm very happy to be here today. I have
00:57:42 to say that I have received
00:57:45 a number of calls from our friends
00:57:48 astronomers in Chile saying that I had
00:57:50 to be here today. Therefore, it's a
00:57:52 fortune to be representing them this
00:57:54 morning.
00:57:56 Chile is without a doubt an astronomical
00:57:59 nation.
00:58:01 Evidence of astronomical observation by
00:58:03 our earliest inhabitants that back dates
00:58:06 back more than 2,000 years before
00:58:09 Christ.
00:58:11 Our geography gives us clear, dry, and
00:58:13 stable ideal skies for observing the
00:58:16 stars. Astronomy is part of our identity
00:58:19 and our heritage and we are proud of it.
00:58:23 But it is not only nature that has led
00:58:25 us to become global leaders in
00:58:26 astronomical observation. It is also the
00:58:29 the result of our government decision, a
00:58:33 clear and sustained policy of
00:58:34 international cooperation, scientific
00:58:37 development and the protection of our
00:58:40 dark skies.
00:58:42 Today we celebrate the first images from
00:58:44 an extraordinary telescope, the Vera
00:58:46 Rubin Observatory, equipped with the
00:58:49 largest digital camera ever built for
00:58:51 astronomy.
00:58:53 But we also honor the memory of an
00:58:54 extraordinary woman. Vera Rubin was not
00:58:57 only a pioneer who uncovered key
00:59:00 evidence of dark matter, she was also an
00:59:05 inspiring example of integrity,
00:59:07 perseverance, and humanity.
00:59:09 Vera Rubin pushed the boundaries of
00:59:11 scientific knowledge but also her name
00:59:13 her her era. Naming this observatory up
00:59:16 for her after her is a profoundly
00:59:19 symbolic and just act. It sends a
00:59:22 message to new generations and
00:59:24 especially to the children and young
00:59:26 people of Chile and the world that
00:59:28 knowledge has no gender and that the
00:59:30 university is open to all.
00:59:33 Vera Rubin has been the inspirer,
00:59:37 the inspiration for the important and
00:59:40 growing number of women astronomers we
00:59:43 have in our country.
00:59:46 For Chile, the observatories represent
00:59:48 our commitment to knowledge, to
00:59:51 sustainable development, to
00:59:53 international cooperation, and to the
00:59:54 defense of dark skies.
00:59:57 The very
01:00:05 Okay. Okay. Uh, I did not expect so much
01:00:05 dialogue. Uh, I know some people are
01:00:08 getting restless. So am I,
01:00:09 unfortunately. So, uh, how is everyone
01:00:12 going? I actually really didn't think
01:00:15 there would be so many so much politics,
01:00:16 too. Let me just mute this a little bit.
01:00:19 There's a lot of dialogue, a lot of
01:00:21 introductions.
01:00:23 This is very different from what it was
01:00:25 like for the James Web or the Martian
01:00:27 missions. Here they do have a lot of uh
01:00:30 things they want to say. Anyway, um
01:00:32 let's while they're talking, while
01:00:34 they're thanking each other, uh let's
01:00:37 briefly go through some of the questions
01:00:38 or possibly maybe some concerns or Yeah,
01:00:41 by the way, please be nice. Yeah,
01:00:43 someone already got had to be muted
01:00:44 because of the comments they were
01:00:46 making. So, don't be mean or I'll mute
01:00:48 you.
01:00:50 Uh what am I doing here? All right,
01:00:52 let's go through some of the facts I
01:00:54 wanted to mention while they're talking.
01:00:56 Also, let's see.
01:00:59 Uh, okay. I'm going to I have it in my
01:01:03 ears. I'm going to make sure that we
01:01:04 don't miss anything. So, I'll switch to
01:01:06 the stream once they start announcing
01:01:07 the pictures because that's what we're
01:01:09 here for.
01:01:11 Um,
01:01:13 oh, okay. Wait, he start I think he
01:01:14 stopped talking. Um, one thing I
01:01:16 actually forgot to mention is that
01:01:21 Oh, what's happening? Hold on.
01:01:35 an assistant to the president for
01:01:35 science and technology.
01:01:37 Director Katzio previously served as
01:01:39 chief technology officer of the United
01:01:41 States during President Trump's first
01:01:44 term where he advised the president on
01:01:47 landmark initiatives in artificial
01:01:49 intelligence, 5G, quantum computing and
01:01:53 advanced manufacturing.
01:01:56 Looking back, many of these initiatives
01:01:58 not only had launched but have
01:02:08 Okay, uh I'm back. I think they're going
01:02:08 to be talking for a while. My apologies
01:02:10 if you actually want to watch this. Uh
01:02:11 the link for the actual stream is in the
01:02:13 description. Uh so I would like to focus
01:02:16 on actual science, not political
01:02:18 introductions.
01:02:20 So if you do have questions, please ask.
01:02:22 Well, one thing I forgot to mention is
01:02:24 that uh there was actually a sneak
01:02:25 preview of one of the short videos they
01:02:29 made or short pictures. Hopefully
01:02:30 they'll show it to us here as well. And
01:02:32 apparently this was uh done with,00
01:02:35 images um and in event uh actually
01:02:40 showed us approximately 20 billion
01:02:42 different u objects in the in the image
01:02:45 itself. But I don't know if we get to
01:02:47 see this today. Uh,
01:02:50 what? Wait, where did it go? Where are
01:02:53 my comments? Here we go. All right, here
01:02:55 we go. I think I have a question. Can
01:02:57 you explain for a second who Vera Rubin
01:02:59 was? Thank you for the donation and for
01:03:01 the question. QLCS appreciator. I
01:03:04 appreciate your question. So she um she
01:03:07 was a graduate student uh in I forgot
01:03:11 what university it was who was
01:03:13 essentially working on uh studying
01:03:15 different galaxies and studying galactic
01:03:17 curs of galaxies and I want to quickly
01:03:19 show her picture in case you never seen
01:03:20 who she was. Uh the picture the coolest
01:03:23 picture of her is actually here
01:03:24 somewhere here. This is probably the
01:03:26 coolest picture that I think is so far
01:03:29 at least. So here here she is. She's
01:03:32 working on one of the um
01:03:34 uh telescopes. Where was this? I I'm
01:03:37 sorry. I forgot where this was, but let
01:03:39 me let me see. It probably says it here
01:03:41 somewhere. Uh no, it doesn't say here.
01:03:45 Anyway, so she she was a uh astronomer
01:03:48 studying galactic curves and completely
01:03:50 by accident, she discovered that
01:03:51 something in those galactic curves
01:03:53 refers to the way galaxies spin uh
01:03:55 rotate. So normally, you know, galaxies,
01:03:57 they spin pretty slow, right? uh but uh
01:04:00 we we have ways to me of measuring their
01:04:02 rotation speed by looking at the red
01:04:04 shift and the blue shift of various
01:04:06 parts of the galaxies. And um in an
01:04:09 essence in essence if you were to to
01:04:11 simulate this it kind of looks like this
01:04:14 kind of looks like this here.
01:04:19 Here's what it sort of looks like. So we
01:04:22 always expected galactic curves to look
01:04:24 this way essentially. You know, we think
01:04:26 of a solar system, right? In the solar
01:04:29 system, uh, planets like Mercury will be
01:04:32 spinning around the sun much faster.
01:04:34 Planets like Earth will be spinning a
01:04:35 little bit slower. Planets like Jupiter
01:04:37 will be spinning much slower because
01:04:38 they're much farther away from the sun.
01:04:40 And that's what was expected of
01:04:41 galaxies. And when she looked at those
01:04:44 galactic curves of several different
01:04:45 galaxies, including Andromeda, she found
01:04:47 something completely different. The
01:04:48 entire galaxy was spinning as if it was
01:04:50 a disc. Like it was literally the actual
01:04:53 curve was flat. And uh because of this
01:04:58 the she she by herself she kind of
01:05:00 started doing a lot of measurements and
01:05:01 discovered this in a lot of different
01:05:02 galaxies. And her explanation was that
01:05:06 there must be something in the galaxy
01:05:08 that we're not seeing some kind of a
01:05:10 dark matter that uh is making the galaxy
01:05:13 spin this way because it made no sense
01:05:14 otherwise the galaxy would basically fly
01:05:17 apart completely. And so she was the
01:05:19 first to kind of bring it uh into
01:05:20 attention and uh ever since then for
01:05:24 years for decades really this was
01:05:26 studied over and over and it was
01:05:27 confirmed by many different astronomers
01:05:29 and so she was the one who discovered
01:05:31 it. But um the reason the teles I mean
01:05:33 unofficial reason that the the telescope
01:05:35 is named after her is because
01:05:38 of this discovery everyone expect her to
01:05:39 get a Nobel Prize um and she didn't and
01:05:43 she passed away without any you know
01:05:45 claims any anything uh nothing named
01:05:49 after her nothing really important was
01:05:50 kind of uh uh surrounding her legacy and
01:05:53 a lot of scientists were super upset
01:05:55 about this and so this telescope which
01:05:57 was originally known as LL LSST I think
01:06:02 uh what was the name of the telescope?
01:06:03 It was used to be known as
01:06:05 large
01:06:07 synoptic survey telescope. LSST, large
01:06:10 synoptic survey telescope. That's the
01:06:11 name of the technology it's using. Um
01:06:14 and
01:06:16 so a lot of scientists basically sat
01:06:18 together and voted on it and decided
01:06:20 we're naming it Vera Rubin telescope
01:06:22 because she deserves to have something
01:06:23 named after her. Um, and so a year after
01:06:26 she passed away, it was officially
01:06:28 announced that this is now going to be
01:06:29 known as Ver Rubin telescope because one
01:06:31 of its missions is of course to study
01:06:33 dark matter.
01:06:35 So there you have it. That's kind of who
01:06:37 she was and that's the main mission
01:06:38 behind it. Unfortunat I I was really
01:06:40 expecting to talk about it because
01:06:41 that's such an important part of Legacy.
01:06:43 I I don't even know enough about Ver
01:06:45 Rubin myself to to uh to explain.
01:06:48 Obviously, I've never met her,
01:06:49 unfortunately. And she was super old uh
01:06:52 by the time I became interested in
01:06:54 astronomy. So, she was I don't think she
01:06:57 was doing research by uh by then.
01:07:00 Anyway, uh if you have any questions,
01:07:02 let me know. Uh, I'm going to be going
01:07:03 back and forth in between their stream
01:07:05 and I guess my stream, but I'm mostly
01:07:08 focusing on scientific questions and
01:07:09 anything you want to know about, I
01:07:11 guess, the universe or dark matter or
01:07:12 whatever. Um,
01:07:15 and please don't uh don't be mean and so
01:07:18 on and so forth. Uh, and also
01:07:24 and also
01:07:26 Oh, okay. That's there's another
01:07:27 question. There's another question from
01:07:28 Gary Scaran. Why are some galaxies
01:07:30 barred like ours? Uh that's that's a
01:07:33 question nobody knows. Uh because
01:07:36 the way that bars were explained in the
01:07:38 past is that it's a it's a kind of a
01:07:40 structure that seems to form when the
01:07:41 galaxy be when the this galaxy beame
01:07:44 becomes stabilized and um bars seem to
01:07:47 actually influence galactic evolution as
01:07:49 well. But the actual formation is not
01:07:51 entirely understood very well. And dark
01:07:53 matter potentially plays a role but it's
01:07:55 not certain. Uh right now it's it's one
01:07:57 of those open questions especially since
01:08:00 bar galaxies have now been discovered by
01:08:02 the James web. Um some of them are mere
01:08:06 hundreds of millions of years old and
01:08:07 makes no sense. So right now uh right
01:08:11 now it's basically uncertain how they
01:08:13 form. Nobody knows. U I'm I'm sure it
01:08:16 will be at some point explained maybe in
01:08:18 the next few decades and hopefully
01:08:19 because of this telescope. Right now
01:08:20 it's a mystery. Uh okay, next question.
01:08:26 Let me see. Let me see. Uh, Vasper
01:08:30 Valentine, thank you so much for the
01:08:31 donation. I've been watching for years
01:08:33 and wanted to say thank you. No, thank
01:08:35 you. Thank you for watching because
01:08:36 that's basically why I do this. Someone
01:08:38 asked me what I do nowadays for work.
01:08:40 Basically, this uh I'm really grateful
01:08:43 to all the Patreon supporters and
01:08:44 everyone uh on this channel. uh over the
01:08:46 years uh basically ever since co started
01:08:49 I had to take a pause uh also after
01:08:52 there was a tra we had family tragedy a
01:08:54 few years back some of you might know
01:08:56 what it is uh I I took a break from
01:08:58 teaching I used to teach math and I just
01:09:00 couldn't do it anymore uh just because
01:09:02 it was too painful and uh started doing
01:09:05 this full-time so it's been three years
01:09:07 now full-time YouTubing we'll we'll see
01:09:09 we'll see how it goes it I might have to
01:09:11 go back to teaching if if I find a if I
01:09:15 find a position somewhere. Um,
01:09:20 oh, thank you. Someone actually
01:09:21 corrected me. Ruben was granted honorary
01:09:23 doctorate from Harvard, Yale, Smith
01:09:25 College, Grinal College, and Princeton.
01:09:28 That's awesome. Yeah, she definitely
01:09:29 deserves it. I mean, she she's done a
01:09:30 lot of research. That was absolutely
01:09:32 groundbreaking. Uh, can Ruben Oh, what's
01:09:36 happening? Okay, wait, hold on. Oh, here
01:09:39 we go.
01:09:49 today.
01:09:49 This is the first image.
01:09:58 Thank you for your reaction.
01:09:58 But now that we looked at this image, I
01:10:01 have to reveal a fun fact.
01:10:04 This image actually shows only a small
01:10:08 portion of one Reuben image. just about
01:10:12 2%.
01:10:18 In other words, the entire Reuben image
01:10:18 is 50 times larger than what we are
01:10:22 seeing here on the screen.
01:10:25 So you may wonder
01:10:28 why didn't we show the entire image.
01:10:31 Let us see why.
01:10:39 Reuben Observatory including its Simony
01:10:39 survey telescope in the middle, LSSD
01:10:42 camera on the left and an exquisite
01:10:44 software framework is designed to make
01:10:48 huge images rapidly.
01:10:51 These three components you can see on
01:10:53 the screen and their technological
01:10:56 breakthroughs is what makes Reuben and
01:10:59 LSST possible.
01:11:02 Let us first have a quick look at the
01:11:04 super agile Simony survey telescope in
01:11:07 the middle. You will notice the color
01:11:10 scheme is matching everywhere and indeed
01:11:13 my official Ruben Thai is modeled after
01:11:17 the telescope.
01:11:27 Here you can see Simony survey telescope
01:11:27 inside observatory's dome. The point of
01:11:31 this short video is to demonstrate the
01:11:35 amazing ability and agility of this 300
01:11:39 ton telescope.
01:11:42 No other large telescope in the world
01:11:45 can move this fast. It moves around in
01:11:48 seconds. Other large telescopes take
01:11:51 minutes.
01:11:58 Let us now look quickly at the LSSD
01:11:58 camera. This big beautiful camera is
01:12:02 already in the Guinness Book of Records
01:12:05 as the largest astronomical camera ever
01:12:07 made. It makes huge images. As we just
01:12:11 heard, just one Reuben image covers sky
01:12:16 area equal to 45 full moons with its
01:12:20 3,200
01:12:22 megapixels.
01:12:24 But that many pixels makes it very hard
01:12:28 to display such an image.
01:12:31 This is more pixels than the human eyes,
01:12:35 your eyes, my eyes
01:12:38 can see.
01:12:40 And this is the main reason why we could
01:12:43 not show you the entire image right
01:12:46 away, but only this small image shown in
01:12:51 the bottom right. You can see its
01:12:54 relative size to the full field of view
01:12:57 in this small rectangle at the bottom.
01:13:02 As director Gratzio pointed out, we
01:13:05 would need 400
01:13:07 highdefin televisions to properly
01:13:10 display just one Reuben image so that
01:13:13 your eyes could capture all the detail.
01:13:17 That means covering a basketball court
01:13:20 with 400 TVs.
01:13:23 to display just one image so that your
01:13:25 eyes can see all the detail.
01:13:29 But instead of looking at 400 TV screens
01:13:33 or walking around the basketball court,
01:13:36 our team has developed a powerful web
01:13:39 display tool that we can use to move
01:13:42 around our giant images. We can zoom in
01:13:46 and zoom out. We can explore and admire
01:13:50 details of any object you choose to look
01:13:53 at.
01:14:01 Next, we will look at a region of sky
01:14:01 about twice as large as one Reuben
01:14:04 image.
01:14:05 It is centered on the giant elliptical
01:14:08 galaxy called Messier 49. This region
01:14:12 that we'll explore in a second is about
01:14:15 100 times as large as the first image we
01:14:18 saw today.
01:14:20 The follow video is 1 minute long and we
01:14:23 will first enjoy it without any
01:14:24 comments. Then we will replay it and I
01:14:26 will comment.
01:14:29 Enjoy.
01:14:59 [Music]
01:14:59 Why?
01:15:14 We will look at it again. Before we
01:15:14 start, I want to say that the entire
01:15:18 Reuben team is so excited about this
01:15:22 data. We have been talking about this
01:15:25 data for over two decades. It's finally
01:15:28 here.
01:15:35 [Music]
01:15:35 Let's look at it again.
01:15:43 Please pause.
01:15:43 You can see here a universe teeming with
01:15:46 stars and galaxies.
01:15:48 The seemingly empty black pockets of
01:15:51 space between stars in the night sky.
01:15:54 When you look at it with unaded eyes are
01:15:58 transformed here into these glittering
01:16:00 tapestries. There is barely a pixel in
01:16:03 this image that doesn't have some light
01:16:05 coming out. And only Reuben can produce
01:16:09 quickly such large images with this much
01:16:12 color and richness.
01:16:15 Please continue. Play.
01:16:21 You can see spiral galaxies, elliptical
01:16:21 galaxies,
01:16:24 clusters of galaxies.
01:16:39 Please pause here.
01:16:39 This is an amazing region. We need to
01:16:41 stop here. I love it.
01:16:43 Do you love it?
01:16:46 Everybody loves it.
01:16:57 you can see a stunning variety of
01:16:57 celestial objects from bright stars in
01:17:00 our galaxy ranging in colors from blue
01:17:02 to red to these nearby blue spiral
01:17:05 galaxies to more distance distant
01:17:08 elliptical galaxies that are yellow and
01:17:11 red in color. You can see how vividly
01:17:15 these colors are and that's very
01:17:18 important for science.
01:17:20 Colors of galaxies are very important
01:17:22 because using these colors we estimate
01:17:26 distances to these galaxies. You can
01:17:29 also note in this image that galaxies
01:17:31 are not randomly distributed in it but
01:17:34 they are clumped.
01:17:35 They show clumping and statistical
01:17:38 details of that clumping and distances
01:17:41 to these galaxies determined from LSSD
01:17:44 colors will enable very precise
01:17:48 unprecedentedly precise studies of the
01:17:51 expansion history of the universe and
01:17:54 studies of dark matter and dark energy.
01:17:57 That's what we measure where these
01:17:58 galaxies are, how big they are and what
01:18:00 are their colors. And in few years, LSST
01:18:04 will be producing unprecedented
01:18:06 cosmological results. Let's continue.
01:18:22 And now you can see the full extent of
01:18:22 that image. It's about two LSSD or
01:18:25 Reuben fields of view. And this is how
01:18:28 we scan the sky, 30 second per exposure.
01:18:32 There were about 10 million galaxies,
01:18:35 close to 10 million in that image.
01:18:51 Thank you. This slide shows again the
01:18:51 whole area that we just looked at at the
01:18:54 end of video with the first image from
01:18:57 today outlined in the top left corner.
01:19:00 That small portion where your eyes could
01:19:03 tell the detail. Known objects here are
01:19:06 annotated with their names. And you may
01:19:08 notice that most faint objects do not
01:19:12 have their names shown. And that's
01:19:14 because they have not been studied
01:19:16 before. Most of these objects have never
01:19:19 been seen by people before.
01:19:22 As we already discussed it in this
01:19:24 projection, you simply cannot see all
01:19:27 the details in this image because our
01:19:30 human eyes and our screens are not good
01:19:33 enough and large enough. There is so
01:19:36 much more in this image that you can
01:19:38 enjoy that you could see in that one
01:19:41 minute video. And you can actually do it
01:19:44 yourself later at home using our tool
01:19:47 that we developed for this purpose. All
01:19:50 you need is internet and at the end of
01:19:54 presentation I'll give you QR code with
01:19:56 a link and now I'm talking to our
01:19:58 colleagues and friends on on uh on the
01:20:01 internet watching us through YouTube. At
01:20:04 the end of presentation you can get you
01:20:05 will get the link and then you can spend
01:20:07 the rest of your day enjoying
01:20:10 these 10 million galaxies.
01:20:18 We hope you enjoyed it.
01:20:18 But there is more to show you today.
01:20:21 Much more.
01:20:23 Imagine now an image like what we just
01:20:26 looked at. But imagine it thousand times
01:20:30 larger.
01:20:32 That would be half of the sky or the
01:20:34 entire sky visible from Chile. That
01:20:37 thousand times larger image than this
01:20:40 giant image we just looked at. This is
01:20:43 LSST.
01:20:44 Reubin's main goal for the next 10
01:20:47 years.
01:20:50 But LSST will be so much more than just
01:20:53 an image. Even though such great large
01:20:56 image, it will be so much more than just
01:20:59 an image.
01:21:01 And that is because every object
01:21:04 included in LSSD
01:21:06 about 40 billion of them for the first
01:21:10 time more celestial objects than living
01:21:13 people on Earth.
01:21:15 Every object will be imaged about 800
01:21:18 times
01:21:20 during these 10 years that it will take
01:21:22 to deliver LSST.
01:21:25 And that brings us to the greatest movie
01:21:27 of all time, LSST.
01:21:30 Because we will have 800 different
01:21:32 observations, we can take these frames,
01:21:34 we can put them in a movie, a digital
01:21:37 color movie of the night sky.
01:21:44 As I said, Reuben Observatory is the
01:21:44 greatest astronomical discovery machine
01:21:48 ever built.
01:21:49 So, let's see quickly what makes it so
01:21:52 uniquely powerful.
01:21:55 Most importantly, it can scan the sky
01:21:57 super fast, about 10 to 100 times faster
01:22:01 than any other large telescope. This is
01:22:05 like comparing the speed of your car to
01:22:08 the speed of an airplane. That's what we
01:22:10 are doing. Instead of driving around
01:22:13 from east to west coast for many days,
01:22:16 we pop on a plane and we are there in
01:22:18 five hours. That's what we are
01:22:19 introducing here.
01:22:22 It took us few nights to collect data we
01:22:25 are showcasing today. With existing
01:22:28 facilities before Reuben, it would have
01:22:30 taken at least a year and maybe more.
01:22:34 And LSST would take thousand years which
01:22:38 is obviously impractical, not 10 years.
01:22:41 This is why we had to build Rubin
01:22:43 Observatory.
01:22:49 And so let's talk now a little bit about
01:22:50 movies.
01:22:51 We have couple of trailers to show you.
01:22:56 So objects we we make movies of the
01:22:58 night sky to see two things. Objects
01:23:00 that move and objects that change
01:23:02 brightness.
01:23:04 So objects that move come in two
01:23:07 flavors. Stars in our galaxies galaxy
01:23:09 move and they move slow. We detect it
01:23:13 but it's slow. Much faster objects are
01:23:15 asteroids and they are in our solar
01:23:18 system. And so we'll focus now on
01:23:21 asterids that we discovered in those few
01:23:23 nights of data.
01:23:26 So here nothing is moving yet. This is
01:23:28 just to show you tiny portion of that
01:23:30 image that we will zoom in to discuss
01:23:34 asteroids.
01:23:35 Nothing is moving here
01:23:38 either. What you can see is two spiral
01:23:42 galaxies.
01:23:44 What you cannot see is that these two
01:23:47 beautiful galaxies were photobombed
01:23:50 by asteroids. Let us see how.
01:23:56 Here you can see asteroids as colored
01:23:59 streaks. They are not satellites. They
01:24:02 are asterids that move during exposure.
01:24:05 And this color image is made by
01:24:07 combining many individual exposures. But
01:24:10 asteris because they move they disappear
01:24:13 after you got one picture of them one
01:24:16 exposure. So these colors correspond to
01:24:18 the principal colors used to construct
01:24:20 color image. So you have red, you have
01:24:23 green, you have blue.
01:24:26 And so these asteroids when we combine
01:24:28 the image we can remove them. Our
01:24:31 software is smart enough to recognize
01:24:34 them and remove them. remove the streaks
01:24:38 when combining individual images. This
01:24:41 is why you did not see them before. But
01:24:44 now we will focus on asteroids.
01:24:52 It's another one minute video. It
01:24:52 showcases our unprecedented ability to
01:24:56 detect small objects orbiting the sun.
01:24:59 You can see motion against the static
01:25:01 background of stars and galaxies.
01:25:04 And we are only showing asteroids
01:25:06 discovered by Reuben, not previously
01:25:08 known asteroids. These are all new
01:25:11 discoveries that were reported to the
01:25:14 Minor Planet Center at Harvard this
01:25:16 morning.
01:25:18 There are so many of them.
01:25:25 Just a few nights of data, just one tiny
01:25:25 region on the sky.
01:25:36 And now you will see their location in
01:25:36 solar system.
01:25:40 Let's pause here.
01:25:43 So this blue donut this is simulation of
01:25:47 all the asteroids we expect there. And
01:25:49 because we only spent few nights to get
01:25:52 this data and we looked towards one
01:25:54 small region on the sky. All of these
01:25:56 new discoveries are found in this one
01:25:59 narrow slice of this big donut. In two
01:26:02 or three years after we start LSST later
01:26:05 this year, we will sweep around and
01:26:08 discover all of these millions of
01:26:10 asteroids.
01:26:12 So we had 2,000 in this few nights of
01:26:15 data. There are seven near Earth objects
01:26:18 that have orbits that cross Earth's
01:26:20 orbit. None of them is in such position
01:26:24 to strike Earth. Don't worry,
01:26:27 we'll get tens of thousands more
01:26:29 near-Earth objects and we will discover
01:26:32 about 5 million new asteroids during the
01:26:37 next few years with LSST. This is five
01:26:41 times more than all the astronomers in
01:26:44 the world discovered during last 200
01:26:48 years since the discovery of the first
01:26:50 asteroid.
01:26:52 So because of this rapid development of
01:26:55 technology today we can outdo all these
01:26:58 two centuries of effort in just couple
01:27:01 of years.
01:27:07 Let us now see another illustration of
01:27:07 the everchanging night sky. We will look
01:27:10 at objects that change their brightness.
01:27:13 They don't move but they change the way
01:27:15 they look. We will look at stars that
01:27:17 are called variable stars because they
01:27:20 vary in brightness.
01:27:21 They can change brightness on time
01:27:23 scales from minutes to years and by the
01:27:26 end of LSST we'll have data we will know
01:27:29 of about few hundred million variable
01:27:33 stars. This is mindboggling to people
01:27:35 who work in this field. LSST will also
01:27:39 discover a few million supernovi.
01:27:42 Supernovi are exploding dying stars that
01:27:45 are very important for cosmology
01:27:48 because it's relatively easy to estimate
01:27:51 their distance. We will now take a
01:27:53 detailed look at a few variable stars
01:27:55 called RLI.
01:27:57 They can become twice as bright in only
01:28:00 few minutes, half an hour. That's why we
01:28:02 chose them for this presentation. They
01:28:04 are in reality about 50 times more
01:28:07 luminous than our sun. And they change
01:28:09 brightness because because the whole
01:28:11 star is pulsating like this on time
01:28:14 scale of some hours.
01:28:21 They are also very useful for studying
01:28:21 dark matter in our galaxy because we can
01:28:23 get their distances easily too. Here is
01:28:26 see this blue star. It's blue because
01:28:28 it's hotter than our sun. Our sun would
01:28:30 look yellow in this image.
01:28:33 And here we are comparing its
01:28:35 brightness. Please pause here.
01:28:39 So what you can see is color image of
01:28:42 that star average color image and these
01:28:44 two observations show its brightness in
01:28:46 individual images and the one in the
01:28:49 middle is 30% brighter than the one on
01:28:52 your right. It is hard to tell with your
01:28:56 eyes but it is very easily measurable in
01:29:00 our high quality images with our high
01:29:03 quality software that goes through those
01:29:06 images. Let's continue. We'll see a few
01:29:08 more. Roly,
01:29:10 the next example is even harder to tell
01:29:13 with your eyes. It's only 11%.
01:29:16 But again, for our
01:29:19 powerful, precise software that looks at
01:29:22 it, we know it's 11% and not 10 or 12.
01:29:27 All these stars are found in our home
01:29:29 galaxy, the Milky Way. It's easy to get
01:29:32 their distance to distances much further
01:29:34 than we can do today. And so over the
01:29:36 next few years, we will map the
01:29:39 distribution in the outskirts of our
01:29:41 galaxy of both stars and dark matter
01:29:44 more precisely than ever before.
01:29:47 [Music]
01:29:51 As you can see, the strength of Reuben
01:29:53 and LSSD is in huge images,
01:29:58 in fast scanning of night sky,
01:30:02 in discovery of huge samples of billions
01:30:05 of celestial sources and in studies of
01:30:09 those sources with time. How they vary
01:30:12 with time? Do they move? Do they change
01:30:13 brightness? And that is the real purpose
01:30:16 why we built Rubin Observatory.
01:30:20 But there is one more thing to tell you
01:30:22 today. As we look at the sky, we don't
01:30:25 only collect huge samples. We make
01:30:28 images of beautiful objects. And so
01:30:31 today we want to share with you few
01:30:34 beautiful objects. And we chose the
01:30:37 Triffid and Lagoon nebula. These nebula
01:30:40 are giant clouds of gas and dust and
01:30:42 they represent stellar nurseries. They
01:30:46 are places in our galaxy where new baby
01:30:48 stars are born by those clouds
01:30:50 collapsing and becoming hotter and
01:30:52 denser until you end up with a protoar
01:30:55 with a young star in the center.
01:30:59 So this is the whole image. There are
01:31:01 two nebula. Top right is the triffet
01:31:03 nebula. This pink nebula in the bottom
01:31:07 is called the lagoon nebula. Again, this
01:31:10 image is very large. It's about as large
01:31:13 as entire Reuben image. And your eyes
01:31:16 and our screen are not good enough to
01:31:19 display all the detail that we recorded
01:31:22 in that region. Again, we will show
01:31:26 through video that zooms in around all
01:31:29 the vivid detail that is captured in
01:31:32 that image.
01:31:34 So ready. Warp one engage.
01:31:43 [Music]
01:31:43 Wrong video. How did that happen?
01:31:57 [Music]
01:31:57 All right,
01:31:59 we will have to leave that for later.
01:32:02 So let me say a few words about what's
01:32:04 next for us. That video by the way you
01:32:08 can see when you follow the link from
01:32:09 before. So nothing much is lost. You can
01:32:11 enjoy it later.
01:32:13 So
01:32:19 we've just seen mesmerizing treasure
01:32:19 trove of the stuff that LSST will start
01:32:22 producing. We are getting to the close
01:32:25 of the construction project. We are not
01:32:27 done yet. We have some commissioning
01:32:29 work to complete, some verification work
01:32:32 to complete. But in a few months, we
01:32:34 expect the project to be completed. We
01:32:37 go into operations and we will start
01:32:40 this greatest digital movie of the night
01:32:43 sky later this year and it will go for
01:32:46 10 years.
01:32:48 We did not talk today about much about
01:32:51 science, but I do want to mention over
01:32:55 2,000
01:32:56 LSST scientists who are eagerly awaiting
01:33:00 the start of LSST survey. We want to
01:33:03 thank them today. Thank them for helping
01:33:06 us to arrive to this point with their
01:33:09 support and expertise. They helped us
01:33:12 first build the science case for LSSD
01:33:16 that led to LSSD being ranked number one
01:33:20 in NASDAQL survey in 2010 and they also
01:33:25 are helping us to build Rubin
01:33:27 Observatory. They are organized in eight
01:33:30 topical science collaborations and they
01:33:33 greatly benefit from the supporting
01:33:35 nonprofit organization called LSST
01:33:38 Discovery Alliance.
01:33:40 It's formerly known as LSST Corporation
01:33:44 and that is organization that started
01:33:46 this project. But I also want to
01:33:48 emphasize it is not just the scientists
01:33:51 who will enjoy LSST data. It is everyone
01:33:55 everyone with curious mind interested in
01:33:58 what's up there. Every child in school
01:34:01 we will have tools and materials that
01:34:03 our education and public outreach team
01:34:06 produced that you can use to be citizen
01:34:09 scientist that you can see in videos in
01:34:12 planetaria that if you're a teacher in
01:34:14 high schools it maps on your science
01:34:16 curriculum. All of these will be
01:34:18 available from that link QR code in this
01:34:22 in this slide.
01:34:25 And so now I will finally finish this
01:34:27 brief presentation. The entire Ruben
01:34:30 team and let me add that I was greatly
01:34:34 honored by our Reuben team to represent
01:34:38 us today. The entire Rubin team hopes
01:34:42 that you enjoy this presentation. Please
01:34:44 stay tuned for the exciting discoveries
01:34:47 expected from LSSD over next 10 years
01:34:49 and beyond.
01:34:51 Thank you all here. Thank you all who
01:34:54 are watching us over internet.
01:34:57 Hundreds of locations in the US and
01:34:59 Chile. Thank you and much gracias. Thank
01:35:02 you to several hundred close to 300
01:35:05 other locations around the globe.
01:35:09 And thank you for being with us today.
01:35:11 And a big thank you to Slack and ARA,
01:35:14 our managing organizations.
01:35:16 Heartful thank to our funding agencies
01:35:18 NSF and DOE, to our awesome program
01:35:21 officers, Dr. Edar, Dr. Katy Turner.
01:35:25 Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. And
01:35:27 finally, we are all very grateful.
01:35:31 Okay. Uh he is thanking everyone and
01:35:36 that's great but also we have so many
01:35:39 questions that we get to uh we didn't
01:35:40 get to answer. Um okay so I think that's
01:35:44 pretty much it for the stream for their
01:35:46 stream. Uh oh wait unless there's a Q&A.
01:35:48 Is there a Q&A? Hold on a second.
01:35:55 Probably not.
01:35:55 I'm going to listen with one ear. Um, so
01:35:58 before we finish the stream, I just
01:35:59 wanted to go through a very, very quick
01:36:02 Q&A from I guess my side because I'm
01:36:04 sure there are probably a lot of
01:36:05 questions. I'll try to answer everything
01:36:07 I can, but I cannot answer everything.
01:36:09 Oh, wait.
01:36:16 Oh, there's there's more. Oh, there's a
01:36:16 panel.
01:36:18 Okay. Uh, yeah, there is a question Q&A.
01:36:22 All right. So, uh,
01:36:24 I'm going to turn back their stream once
01:36:28 they start answering the questions. Um,
01:36:30 one question I didn't get to answer here
01:36:32 was someone was asking me, can they can
01:36:34 this telescope see technic signatures?
01:36:36 The answer is very likely big no. Mostly
01:36:39 because that's not its main purpose and
01:36:40 uh, technic signatures is is an open
01:36:43 field. We don't really even know what to
01:36:44 look for. Uh normally when it comes to
01:36:46 techno signatures, researchers look for
01:36:49 specific uh wavelengths of light and uh
01:36:51 you have to be able to see an actual
01:36:53 star system in a planet. That's not the
01:36:55 main mission for this telescope. It's
01:36:56 it's mostly think of this as a kind of a
01:36:59 uh I guess it's creating kind of a
01:37:01 Google Earth of the universe is
01:37:03 basically creating a massive amount of
01:37:04 data, a map of the entire uh southern uh
01:37:08 night skies. That's that's that's why
01:37:10 it's probably not going to be good at
01:37:11 detecting techn signatures. Uh, also
01:37:15 there was another question, but I
01:37:16 already forgot what it was. But, uh,
01:37:18 during this during the stream, we uh did
01:37:21 get to see how good it is at detecting
01:37:23 asteroids. Within just a few hours, it
01:37:24 was able to detect thousands of
01:37:26 different near-Earth asteroids. And
01:37:28 that's just mind-blowing. Like, imagine
01:37:30 in in the next year or so, we'll have
01:37:31 like millions of asteroids to to to
01:37:34 study or at least to um to study their
01:37:37 orbits, making sure that they're not
01:37:38 dangerous because that's really one of
01:37:40 the main missions here. And it was
01:37:42 really cool how they explained how it's
01:37:44 able to re um uh it's able to see the
01:37:46 variable stars um extremely well and
01:37:49 thus helping researchers um
01:37:53 uh establish distances to various
01:37:55 objects. So um when it comes to variable
01:37:59 stars such as sephiid variables which
01:38:01 are probably the most famous ones that's
01:38:03 the stars that kind of like they they
01:38:04 they blink but they blink with a
01:38:06 pattern. Um, oh wait, there's a
01:38:07 question.
01:38:18 To scan the entire southern sky in only
01:38:18 a few nights with this exquisite image
01:38:21 quality. Thank you, Sandrine. Aaron
01:38:24 Rudman. Hello, I'm Aaron Rudman. I'm a
01:38:28 professor at the Slack National
01:38:29 Accelerator Lab at Stanford University
01:38:32 and I've been honored to lead the team
01:38:34 at Slack that built the world's largest
01:38:36 camera. I'm particularly excited about
01:38:38 the discoveries that the Reuben
01:38:40 Observatory will make and particularly
01:38:43 um eagerly awaiting the light that we
01:38:46 will shed on the nature of dark energy
01:38:48 and dark matter. Thank you, Victor
01:38:50 Krabendum.
01:38:52 Good morning. My name is Victor
01:38:53 Krabendom. I am the project manager for
01:38:55 Ribbon Observatory. I joined the project
01:38:58 21 years ago, but it's been my honor for
01:39:01 the last 13 to be leading the project.
01:39:04 The team that we rep that we represent
01:39:06 here today is an incredible one. We have
01:39:10 persevered, we've innovated, and we have
01:39:13 overcome challenges. Uh, and right now,
01:39:16 we envisioned that the project was going
01:39:18 to be everything that we dreamed it
01:39:20 would be. I look forward to delivering
01:39:22 this project uh on budget and uh handing
01:39:26 it over to the to the operations team
01:39:28 later this uh later this calendar year.
01:39:31 On behalf of all the scientists, the
01:39:33 engineers, the administrators, and the
01:39:35 technicians, I want to thank both
01:39:37 agencies and some early donors uh for
01:39:40 trusting us with over $800 million to
01:39:43 make this ambitious project a reality.
01:39:47 Jelko mentioned uh Dr. Turner and Dr.
01:39:50 Ajar. I just want to recognize All
01:39:53 right, I'm back. Uh there I thought they
01:39:54 were asking questions because I do
01:39:56 actually want to hear some of the
01:39:57 answers. Um so this is more uh more
01:40:01 comments and about everyone thanking
01:40:03 each other. So I I mean I it's great to
01:40:07 hear that but we are here for the
01:40:09 science anyway. So uh what was what I
01:40:12 was talking about? I was talking about
01:40:13 something in regards to variable stars.
01:40:15 That's right. So safety variables are
01:40:17 super important for the for establishing
01:40:19 distances. Uh some stars out there they
01:40:21 they blink they blink with a certain
01:40:23 pattern. They go brighter and dimmer
01:40:25 brighter and dimmer and over the years
01:40:27 researchers established how they do it.
01:40:29 And because of this we can now establish
01:40:31 distances to various distant objects if
01:40:33 we can find those stars. That's actually
01:40:35 how Edwin Hubble was able to establish
01:40:37 the distance to the Andromeda galaxy.
01:40:39 And so this telescope apparently is one
01:40:41 of the best for doing this now. And so
01:40:44 it will be able to detect a lot of new
01:40:46 sephid variables and other variable
01:40:48 stars, thus allowing us to recalculate
01:40:50 distances to various objects and
01:40:53 potentially um either resolve or uh the
01:40:56 mystery of dark energy and maybe some
01:40:58 other mysteries in regards to expansion
01:41:00 of the universe or make it even worse by
01:41:02 basically establishing that distances
01:41:04 are actually uh farther or closer and so
01:41:06 on. So anyway, it's going to be it's
01:41:09 going to be improving our universe maps
01:41:11 in a sense. Um,
01:41:14 okay. So, I missed another question here
01:41:16 somewhere. Um,
01:41:18 let's see. Let's see. Uh, thank you so
01:41:21 much for the donations. And let's see if
01:41:22 there's a there's a question here. Thank
01:41:24 you, Alv. Uh, thank you, Shapely
01:41:27 Attractor. What does greater resolution
01:41:29 mean for dark matter hunting? Um,
01:41:32 I think what what this means is that
01:41:34 basically we need to find a solution to
01:41:36 dark matter because is it Nobody knows
01:41:38 if it's a particle. Nobody knows if it's
01:41:40 if we need to rework some of the
01:41:41 physics, if we need to rework some of
01:41:43 the um formula, whatever. That's the
01:41:47 basically the biggest resolution. If we
01:41:49 can actually physically find a particle,
01:41:51 solved, done. We can close that book.
01:41:53 But you know, it's been decades now,
01:41:56 lots of different experiments. Uh there
01:41:58 was a there was a video I made just last
01:42:00 week, I think, about a potential
01:42:01 detection of maybe dark matter. uh but
01:42:04 it's there are other explanations and it
01:42:06 could be a neutrino and so on and so
01:42:08 forth. So so that's basically why this
01:42:11 telescope is important because by
01:42:13 measuring the um weak orientation of
01:42:15 lensing and by measuring a lot of other
01:42:18 um parameters inside different galactic
01:42:20 clusters it will actually help us um
01:42:22 figure out maybe maybe what it is right
01:42:25 now. It's it's it's a it's an
01:42:26 interesting question to answer because
01:42:28 uh a lot of physical concepts kind of
01:42:30 depend on it. uh the entire cosmological
01:42:32 model depends on the dark matter
01:42:36 principle. So if it's not real then
01:42:38 everything has to be reworked again.
01:42:41 Next question. Uh Robert, thank you so
01:42:43 much for the donation. And can it find
01:42:44 planet 9? That's one of the missions.
01:42:46 Hopefully within a year of operation it
01:42:48 will capture enough of the southern
01:42:50 skies to see if it's in the southern
01:42:52 skies or not. It will be able to detect
01:42:54 it will be able to detect a very minute
01:42:55 motions of tiny objects. Uh, and so if
01:42:58 it does see a very small object moving
01:43:00 super slow on the outskirts of the solar
01:43:02 system, we'll know for sure that it's
01:43:04 planet 9 or not. Uh, but only the
01:43:06 southern skies because you know it could
01:43:08 be in the northern skies. So, so that's
01:43:11 the the little shortcoming there. Um,
01:43:16 thank you so much for the donation. And
01:43:17 the question is, oh wait, where did it
01:43:19 go? Um, this is only the beginning. We
01:43:23 will get full 4D exploration
01:43:24 capabilities for every user in this v
01:43:26 vast library of real-time recorded data.
01:43:29 Oh, that's a question. Will we get full
01:43:30 4D exploration capabilities for every
01:43:32 user in this vast library of real time
01:43:35 recorded data? Oh, okay. I see what
01:43:37 you're asking. Uh, will we be able to
01:43:38 explore the data of the telescope? Well,
01:43:41 just like SDSS, which is the previous
01:43:43 survey that um that was able to collect
01:43:45 a lot of data on different stars, this
01:43:47 telescope in the next few years will
01:43:49 collect enough data where you'll
01:43:50 actually have like a like a website
01:43:52 where you can just go in and you'll see
01:43:54 all the stars there. Uh you can even do
01:43:56 this right now for SDSS survey. Uh
01:43:58 there's a map you can access. Um Sloan
01:44:02 Digital Sky Survey is the name of this
01:44:04 one. Uh but do I have the link? I don't
01:44:08 have the link. Uh here let's go to the
01:44:11 classic one. Anyway, it's it's
01:44:13 definitely going to have a website like
01:44:16 um access service which which is
01:44:19 probably going to be available by
01:44:21 possibly 20 26 I guess. Anyway, I'll
01:44:25 post the link for SDSS later once I find
01:44:28 um so yes, the answer is yes. Will it be
01:44:30 stored in analog memory systems
01:44:32 providing larger storage that I don't
01:44:34 know. I'm sorry. I don't know where
01:44:35 where they're going to store it. Uh,
01:44:38 next question or concern. Will this add
01:44:40 Oh, thank you so much team Alaska. Will
01:44:42 this add to our ability to see the
01:44:44 creation of planets? Uh, not really.
01:44:46 It's so for planetary creation, you need
01:44:49 telescopes that can see through dust.
01:44:51 Uh, because normally typical young star
01:44:53 systems, which we sometimes refer to as
01:44:56 propolids, which funny word. Uh, you
01:44:59 might want to look for this one in one
01:45:01 of the links in the description. I'll
01:45:02 post it later. uh it's essentially it's
01:45:04 a it's like a cocoon of dust and to see
01:45:08 planet information you have to see
01:45:09 through that and you you need to have
01:45:11 either radio or microwave telescopes for
01:45:13 that. So for that purpose you need uh
01:45:16 there's a there's another telescope
01:45:17 that's also in Chile. It's called ALMA
01:45:19 and that one does a pretty good job. It
01:45:21 can see planets planetary formation. Uh
01:45:23 but it's not super high resolution
01:45:25 though. So we're still we still have a
01:45:26 lot of shortcomings there. Um, okay.
01:45:32 Cool, cool, cool. Can it see UFOs? I
01:45:36 don't know. Can anyone see UFOs? I don't
01:45:39 know. I don't know.
01:45:42 Uh, not a UFO channel to be honest.
01:45:45 Evidence-based only. Uh, okay. What's
01:45:49 this? Thank you so much, Suhoy 29K.
01:45:58 Uh, would space Oh, wait. uh would space
01:45:58 engine implement all of this 10 terabyte
01:46:00 data? So, space engine is the simulation
01:46:03 I sometimes use for visualization of
01:46:06 different planets and stars and so on.
01:46:08 It it already has all of those objects
01:46:10 in there. Uh it it there's no uh there's
01:46:13 no need for to to have um the data from
01:46:16 this particular telescope because here
01:46:18 what this is going to be doing is
01:46:20 basically introducing new asteroids. Oh
01:46:22 yeah. Okay. It will probably have new
01:46:23 asteroids and it will probably be
01:46:25 introducing um much more accurate maps
01:46:29 and distances and much more accurate
01:46:31 gravitational lensing effects that we
01:46:33 can now measure. So this is more for
01:46:36 accuracy as opposed to um actual
01:46:39 objects. And Space Engine is I think
01:46:41 there's only like two volunteers doing
01:46:43 most of the work. So I doubt they'll
01:46:45 have time to introduce everything in
01:46:46 there. It's pretty hard. Uh, I mean I
01:46:49 actually long long time ago when this
01:46:50 channel just started, I tried to do a
01:46:52 lot of different um space engine mods
01:46:54 and so on and it was super challenging.
01:46:56 It's it's it's it's tough work even even
01:46:59 putting all this data in to uh like new
01:47:02 planets, new stars and so on. It takes a
01:47:04 lot of work. So I'm actually grateful
01:47:05 that they do as much as they do.
01:47:08 Next, what did I miss? Oh, wait. I'm not
01:47:12 listening to what they're saying. this
01:47:13 will create and how NSF and DOE have
01:47:15 approached making that available to
01:47:17 researchers quickly through the science
01:47:19 platform and alert system and then my
01:47:21 followup would be what the timeline for
01:47:23 those tools are uh going forward.
01:47:26 Oh, let's listen to the answer. I don't
01:47:28 know what the question is. I'm uh I
01:47:30 missed the question. Sorry. So, with all
01:47:32 the data, I think you get a sense from
01:47:34 JO's presentation how much data we're
01:47:36 talking about is he said about 10 to 20
01:47:38 terabytes of data every night. uh very
01:47:41 early on people realized instead of
01:47:43 sending the data and the software out to
01:47:46 scientists uh it's much better to bring
01:47:48 the scientists to the data and so
01:47:51 there's something called the Reuben
01:47:53 science platform that people work very
01:47:55 hard on where you can um actually just
01:47:59 um log in to the cloud and have access
01:48:03 to all of the data be able to do queries
01:48:06 analysis and so on and you know it just
01:48:10 works It's it's uh fantastic. Rather
01:48:12 than having to distribute software, you
01:48:15 just have it all there set up for you.
01:48:18 So that is something that is uh um you
01:48:21 know I think we're very excited about
01:48:23 the um timeline. Um we have a sequence
01:48:27 of data previews um from the
01:48:30 commissioning data. In fact, the first
01:48:32 preview using the com Cam data is about
01:48:35 to uh hit the streets. Um and then that
01:48:38 will be followed by a second data
01:48:41 preview from commissioning and then
01:48:43 release of the data through a regular
01:48:45 data release schedule that's known to
01:48:48 the community.
01:48:50 Can I just add Jelco? Um please do. Um
01:48:53 and also so Steve has really outlined
01:48:55 how um science community can get access
01:48:58 to the data but there's also
01:49:00 opportunities for um the public for
01:49:02 anyone to participate in this discovery
01:49:04 process through citizen science. So, our
01:49:07 partners um will be hosting um citizen
01:49:10 science projects that anyone in the
01:49:12 world can um help us uh sort through
01:49:15 this amazing amazing treasure trove um
01:49:17 and and create those projects. And so um
01:49:20 as Steve mentioned, the first uh data is
01:49:23 coming with that was taken with the
01:49:25 commissioning camera. And so we'll have
01:49:26 our very first small projects coming in
01:49:28 the next couple of months um that are
01:49:30 all kind of building up the foundations
01:49:32 and the frameworks and and the um
01:49:35 resources for um the launch of the
01:49:38 survey and all the projects that will
01:49:39 come after that.
01:49:41 Fred, do you want to add a few words?
01:49:42 Yes, let me add on top to that um we
01:49:44 also as you mentioned uh we also have
01:49:47 the alerts. You've seen how Ruben will
01:49:49 build this cosmic movie. We have things
01:49:51 we we're looking for we're trying to
01:49:52 understand things that change over time.
01:49:55 So that particular data product will
01:49:57 come through in the form of alerts. So
01:49:59 overnight our data runs really fast from
01:50:02 the mountain top all the way to slack uh
01:50:04 where it gets processed and we look at
01:50:06 what change in the night sky compared to
01:50:08 how we know that the sky looks normally.
01:50:11 It looked before when we looked at it
01:50:13 earlier and then every time that
01:50:15 something changes sufficiently that we
01:50:17 can detect it technically at a five
01:50:19 sigma level uh we package that into an
01:50:22 alert packet. So we collect the
01:50:24 information about it, where it is, how
01:50:26 much the brightness changed, how much
01:50:27 the color changed, and we add postage
01:50:29 stamps of that part of the image that
01:50:32 scientists can use to make do our their
01:50:35 science of course, but also to trigger
01:50:37 other facilities that can take more data
01:50:39 about those things so we can learn about
01:50:41 them even better. And those uh get
01:50:43 distri distributed worldwide. that
01:50:45 particular data product has no
01:50:47 proprietary restriction because we need
01:50:49 all of the scientists in the world to
01:50:51 like point their telescope to learn more
01:50:53 about these things that we discover.
01:50:55 Thanks Fed. Mike back to you.
01:51:05 Hi uh Mackenzie Pryin from Science News.
01:51:05 Um and thank you all so much for uh
01:51:08 having this press conference today.
01:51:10 Going off something uh said just a few
01:51:11 moment moments ago, uh you even talked
01:51:15 about the citizen pro science projects
01:51:17 uh being uh starting and you've clearly
01:51:20 made this all very accessible to the
01:51:22 public uh through your Sky Viewer app
01:51:24 and other ways. Um can you talk about
01:51:26 the importance of bringing the public
01:51:28 along uh throughout this journey and uh
01:51:31 over the next 10 years?
01:51:33 Thank you. I'd love to talk about that.
01:51:35 Um so this is an amazing data set but
01:51:40 it's also a very complex data set. And
01:51:42 so one of the things that our team that
01:51:44 has been part of the observatory um
01:51:46 since the beginning has been working
01:51:48 toward is making many ways for people to
01:51:50 engage with this data in whatever form
01:51:53 you would like whether it's just
01:51:54 enjoying beautiful images or looking on
01:51:56 social media or we have an educational
01:51:59 component and so we're bringing Ruben
01:52:01 data into the classrooms and one of the
01:52:03 things I'm really excited about is the
01:52:05 fact that we're about to see a
01:52:07 generation of students who will see can
01:52:09 see Ruben data in their classrooms um in
01:52:12 high school and then perhaps choose to
01:52:14 study that in university and then you
01:52:16 know go on to maybe make the next
01:52:18 amazing discovery that will be in that
01:52:20 that treasure trove of data um that is
01:52:23 produced through the survey. And so we
01:52:26 have many options like that. Um one of
01:52:28 the other things um that's in there is
01:52:30 we also have a way to explore the data
01:52:32 through sound and sonification. And so
01:52:34 that's also part of our our sky viewer
01:52:37 app that is just as what you're seeing
01:52:40 visually is mapping that color data um
01:52:42 into a visual landscape, we have a
01:52:45 soundsscape that also is the same
01:52:47 representation of that data um that you
01:52:49 can explore.
01:52:51 As a reminder, there will be more than
01:52:53 one star and more than one galaxy for
01:52:56 every living person on Earth.
01:53:03 Thank you.
01:53:03 Hi Sam again from AFP. I have another
01:53:05 follow up on the um asteroid detection
01:53:07 capabilities. Uh earlier this year we
01:53:09 had 2024 Y4 um city killer asteroid
01:53:13 which briefly posed a risk to Earth. How
01:53:16 will uh V Rubin Observatory help in
01:53:18 these detections? Will we give get more
01:53:20 lead time? What do you expect to see out
01:53:22 of the asteroid hunting uh and the
01:53:23 planetary defense capabilities? Thank
01:53:25 you. I can take that question.
01:53:29 So solar system science is one of the
01:53:32 four scientific pillars of Reuben. So we
01:53:35 have developed software framework that
01:53:37 can fully utilize our images to make
01:53:39 unprecedented discoveries. We are not
01:53:42 particularly
01:53:44 designed for near-earth objects. But
01:53:46 because we look at everything, we will
01:53:48 be extremely efficient at discovering
01:53:50 near-earth objects. And as soon as we
01:53:54 have a plausible discovery, all our data
01:53:58 will be on daily basis sent to the minor
01:54:02 planet center at Harvard, which is the
01:54:04 world's clearing house for these
01:54:06 observations. And within sometimes even
01:54:09 within less than 24 hours, everyone in
01:54:12 the world will know that there is a
01:54:14 potential object that could be hazardous
01:54:18 and they can get more data. In practice,
01:54:20 typically once you get more data, you
01:54:22 rule out the level of the danger, but
01:54:26 you need more data. Everyone in the
01:54:28 world will be able to follow up on
01:54:30 Reubin's initial discoveries. Very
01:54:33 often, we'll get our own orbits, too.
01:54:40 I'm Jelvis,
01:54:40 and you can spell it the way I pronounce
01:54:42 it.
01:54:44 [Applause]
01:54:44 [Music]
01:54:50 and your role. Uh, thank you. I think
01:54:50 it's time we gave our journalists online
01:54:52 a chance now.
01:55:00 All right. So, our next question is from
01:55:00 James Dan at New Scientist. What are the
01:55:04 unique capabilities of the telescope
01:55:05 that enable it to detect so many more
01:55:07 asteroids than other instruments? Are
01:55:09 these early detections of so many
01:55:11 asteroids unexpected or did we expect
01:55:13 this volume of objects? How many will
01:55:16 Reuben how many Reuben detections will
01:55:18 feed into existing planetary defense
01:55:20 networks?
01:55:23 They were not surprises. We have
01:55:25 exquisite simulations that we used for
01:55:28 example to predict we'll discover 5
01:55:30 million new asteroids.
01:55:33 Can you repeat the first part of the
01:55:35 question again?
01:55:36 Just the first part. What are the unique
01:55:38 capabilities of the telescope that
01:55:40 enable it to So that is that is
01:55:42 interesting point. So when you ask for
01:55:45 each of our four science pillars which
01:55:47 which vary a lot from asteroids in solar
01:55:50 system to cosmology to dark energy and
01:55:52 dark matter when you ask what kind of
01:55:55 system would you like to have and we
01:55:57 asked that question 20 years ago you get
01:56:00 very similar answers and that's another
01:56:03 power of Rubin Observatory that we
01:56:05 didn't emphasize today that we get one
01:56:08 data set that will serve all these
01:56:11 different science goals. We do not get
01:56:13 specialized data for asteroid asteroid
01:56:16 specialized data for dark energy. It's
01:56:18 one and the same data set because
01:56:20 observatory is designed to be so
01:56:23 powerful that we can get such a powerful
01:56:26 data set called LSST which will serve
01:56:28 everyone. That's why we can get so many
01:56:31 asteroids. The short answer is you need
01:56:33 to scan the sky very fast with very
01:56:37 large field of view repeatedly for a
01:56:39 long time. And that's what we do for
01:56:41 every science program.
01:56:44 All right, thank you. Our next me
01:56:47 question is from Katarina Miller from
01:56:48 the New York Times. She asks that given
01:56:51 the length of time it took to bring this
01:56:53 project to fruition, how does it feel
01:56:55 that the observatory is complete?
01:56:58 I will call on Sandine.
01:57:00 Is great.
01:57:04 Uh it's really an amazing achievement.
01:57:07 It's the achievement of again I
01:57:10 mentioned 10 years of work of a lot of
01:57:12 people really carefully and um
01:57:16 methodously putting everything together
01:57:19 designing properly using the best um
01:57:23 technology to align the telescope to um
01:57:28 build the camera and build the data
01:57:31 pipeline behind it. It's really the
01:57:32 results of a lot of very very careful
01:57:35 and hard work. So that's why it feels
01:57:37 great. Thanks Andre.
01:57:46 So uh Katarina had a followup and that
01:57:46 is now that the first look milestone is
01:57:48 complete what can we expect next from
01:57:50 Ruben Observatory between particularly
01:57:53 between now and the start of the survey.
01:57:56 I think that's question for Victor.
01:58:00 So we are completing the construction
01:58:02 project and what we are looking forward
01:58:04 to is finishing up the validation uh of
01:58:07 the observatory and how it functions. Uh
01:58:09 tuning it up to make it work uh
01:58:11 exquisitly uh and continuously. And so
01:58:14 for the next uh three or four months
01:58:16 that'll be our main objective. And after
01:58:18 that we'll be handing it over to the
01:58:20 operations team.
01:58:25 Thanks ML.
01:58:25 Great. Our next question is from Megan
01:58:27 Bartles of Scientific American. She
01:58:30 asked, "I know it's challenging given
01:58:31 the size of the images, but could a few
01:58:33 of you point out something that strikes
01:58:35 you as particularly interesting when one
01:58:37 of you looks at these images essentially
01:58:40 help a non-scientist look at this part
01:58:42 of the data the way you do."
01:58:46 So if you look at the image where we had
01:58:48 spiral galaxies and you had also
01:58:52 clustered galaxies that were more
01:58:54 yellowish in color
01:58:57 that tells you how far they are. And
01:58:59 when we look at twodimensional images
01:59:02 all the objects that are different
01:59:04 distances they are projected into one
01:59:06 plane. But with the power of this data,
01:59:09 the power of recorded information that
01:59:12 we decipher with our software pipelines,
01:59:16 this projection of 2D image becomes
01:59:19 threedimensional
01:59:20 data. We unpack all these objects into
01:59:25 three-dimensional distribution.
01:59:27 That's what I find exciting about this
01:59:30 data. It gives you the third dimension
01:59:33 that without this data, you just don't
01:59:35 get. It's like looking at
01:59:36 constellations. Constellations don't
01:59:38 have these shapes in reality. These
01:59:40 stars are different distances, but they
01:59:42 project to us to bears and lions and
01:59:44 everything else. Once you have the third
01:59:47 dimension, then you realize, oh, that
01:59:49 looks totally different. And that's what
01:59:51 we want to know with galaxies too to do
01:59:54 cosmology.
01:59:56 Aaron,
01:59:58 one thing I I would like to add to that
02:00:00 is uh when I look at the images, I often
02:00:03 don't pay attention to the beautiful
02:00:05 nearby galaxies. I look at the little
02:00:08 fuzz balls and if you zoom in close to
02:00:11 any one of our images and almost any
02:00:14 portion of the sky, you will see tiny
02:00:16 little galaxies. To the eye, they look
02:00:19 like uh small uh balls of fuzz, but many
02:00:23 of those galaxies are five or perhaps
02:00:26 even 10 billion lighty years away and
02:00:28 have up to a 100 billion stars in them.
02:00:31 And those are the galaxies actually that
02:00:33 we use the most if we want to study the
02:00:35 expansion of the universe and dark
02:00:36 energy.
02:00:38 Thank you, Erin. Steve, do you want to
02:00:40 add a few words? Yeah, we thought a lot
02:00:42 about how to select targets and how to
02:00:45 represent images and I think what we
02:00:48 hope as people engage and look at these
02:00:50 images first I think just we hope you
02:00:53 see them as beautiful um and they're
02:00:56 also a little different from what you're
02:00:58 used to seeing actually significantly
02:01:00 different the f the difference I would
02:01:01 point out and what we're so excited
02:01:03 about Jooko said it um between objects
02:01:07 and most astronomical pictures it kind
02:01:10 of looks like inky black space. That's
02:01:12 what you've seen before. But that's not
02:01:14 what you saw here. What you saw was that
02:01:17 inky black space actually is full of
02:01:20 stuff. It's full of galaxies. It's full
02:01:22 of all kinds of interesting things. And
02:01:25 it's because of Reubin's unique
02:01:28 combination of capabilities that we're
02:01:30 able to bring that all out and to see it
02:01:33 and do the kind of uh fundamental and
02:01:36 broad range of science that Aaron
02:01:38 mentioned. And so I hope people just see
02:01:41 that and the vast range of colors and
02:01:45 vast range of different kinds of objects
02:01:48 that we are going to see. In addition,
02:01:50 there's all the time domain stuff that
02:01:53 you've already heard about. And I think
02:01:55 the thing we hope everybody sees also is
02:01:58 promise and opportunity to find the new
02:02:01 stuff that that um is just, you know,
02:02:05 waiting for us. And so I think it's that
02:02:08 combination of things that we're we're
02:02:10 really most excited about and we hope
02:02:13 people will take the time to really
02:02:15 explore these images because as I said
02:02:17 they're different and it's the reason
02:02:19 that uh the EPO team built the sky
02:02:21 viewer so that you can have a look
02:02:23 around and we hope people enjoy that.
02:02:25 Thank you Steve Mike.
02:02:28 All right our next question is from Greg
02:02:30 Redford the space reporter at WP News
02:02:33 here in Washington DC. He asks, "What is
02:02:36 the most anticipated discovery made by
02:02:38 LSST? What surprises await?"
02:02:51 So there are so many of them, it's hard
02:02:51 to pick one. We will be looking for
02:02:53 unknown unknowns. But we also know that
02:02:57 some of the discoveries will be made. I
02:02:59 already mentioned earlier today 5
02:03:00 million asteroids
02:03:02 and not everything will be discovery. We
02:03:05 are also doing precise measurements in
02:03:08 cosmology in dark matter dark energy
02:03:11 context. We'll be measuring things
02:03:13 precisely. That's one of the goals. We
02:03:16 will get some unexpected discoveries
02:03:18 like for example interstellar objects
02:03:21 that we are now in position to get 10 or
02:03:23 15 of them and get much better
02:03:25 understanding than those two that are
02:03:27 known. Oh, Mua Mua and Borisov. So we we
02:03:31 will learn a lot. Of course, the most
02:03:33 every survey prior to Rubin and LSST,
02:03:37 every big project that scan the sky
02:03:40 discovered many unexpected things. So by
02:03:43 that argument, we think we'll discover a
02:03:46 lot. But then different people are
02:03:47 excited about different things. Maybe
02:03:49 Fed can tell us in the time domain
02:03:52 context, what are you excited about?
02:03:55 Well, I'm going to double down on the
02:03:56 unknown unknowns. Uh and I I love the
02:03:59 question because can you tell us what
02:04:01 the surprise is? No, it's a surprise.
02:04:03 That's a bit tautological. Um, and it's
02:04:05 really uh exciting that it is a
02:04:07 surprise. And I want to emphasize how
02:04:10 difficult it still is going to be to
02:04:12 find those things that we have never
02:04:14 seen before. Um, people make the
02:04:16 analogy, it's like a needle in a
02:04:18 haystack. It's not. It's a needle in a
02:04:20 hay stack. If you don't know what the
02:04:21 shape of the needle is, if you don't
02:04:23 know what the color of the needle is, if
02:04:25 you don't know whether the needle moves
02:04:26 through the haystack, and if you don't
02:04:28 know really what the haystack is
02:04:30 composed of, because there's millions of
02:04:32 things in the haststack, we don't know
02:04:33 all of them to the same level of detail.
02:04:36 So, it's really an adventurous horizon.
02:04:38 And yeah, I'm very glad that we cannot
02:04:40 answer the question what surprises
02:04:42 they're going to be because they're
02:04:43 really surprises.
02:04:46 All right, great. Our next question is
02:04:48 from Corey Powell from American
02:04:50 Scientist. He asks, "How will Ruben be
02:04:52 able to expand our understanding of the
02:04:54 far outer solar system deeper into the
02:04:57 Kyper belts and searching for in
02:04:59 interstellar objects or even planet 9?"
02:05:03 Yes, all of the above.
02:05:11 If planet 9 exists, it is still just
02:05:11 theoretical conjecture. If it exists,
02:05:13 Reuben is the best positioned
02:05:15 observatory to discover it. We will also
02:05:19 obtain very sensitive images very
02:05:23 quickly over a large area of the sky
02:05:25 including the full ecliptic coverage,
02:05:27 the plane in which these objects move.
02:05:30 So we will extend the outer reaches of
02:05:34 solar system by a large factor. We will
02:05:37 see way beyond
02:05:39 the orbits where Pluto and other Kyper
02:05:42 belt objects are found. We will be
02:05:44 sensitive. It depends on the object
02:05:46 size. But we could see Pluto even if it
02:05:49 were at 10 times larger distance roughly
02:05:51 speaking. And then for interstellar
02:05:53 objects so far there were two
02:05:55 discovered. So it is very hard to
02:05:57 predict how many we would discover
02:05:59 because we don't understand population.
02:06:01 It's only two objects. But by simple
02:06:03 scaling arguments, we do expect 10 maybe
02:06:06 20 somewhere there.
02:06:08 So we will be extremely powerful solar
02:06:11 system survey.
02:06:17 Thank you. Our next question is from
02:06:17 Jenna Ahart from Quantum Magazine. Is
02:06:19 there an estimate for how many stars or
02:06:21 galaxies are in the first image
02:06:23 presented today? How does this compare
02:06:25 to the full set of galaxies Reuben will
02:06:27 observe?
02:06:28 I think Steve knows all the numbers.
02:06:33 Uh we're still counting but um it's it's
02:06:37 as Jooko said around 10 million objects
02:06:41 and um as uh Zoko also said we're
02:06:46 expecting about uh 20 billion galaxies
02:06:50 and after the 10-year survey and uh at
02:06:53 18 billion or so uh individual stars.
02:06:56 That's a lot. when you view them 800
02:06:58 times, that means 32 trillion about or
02:07:01 30 trillion observations. Very
02:07:04 impressive. Um, and so, uh, we're really
02:07:07 just getting started. The image you saw
02:07:10 of the Virgo field, kind of the
02:07:13 impression you'll have for the whole sky
02:07:16 after about half the survey, 5 years,
02:07:19 just to give you a sense. It's, you
02:07:20 know, very roughly. Um, and we'll just
02:07:24 be able to see objects um, dimmer and
02:07:27 dimmer over time. That's one of the real
02:07:29 advantages of continuing to do the
02:07:31 survey to look for new things, but also
02:07:33 to measure more precisely uh, Aaron's
02:07:36 fuzzy things as well.
02:07:40 Does that answer the question? I think
02:07:42 so. Very good. Uh, our next question is
02:07:44 from Kobe Brown from Astro Kobe's
02:07:46 YouTube channel. What are some
02:07:48 short-lived or previously unseen
02:07:50 phenomena that Reuben Observatory might
02:07:52 uncover thanks to its rapid high cadence
02:07:54 imaging?
02:08:01 Do you want to take this one, Fed? Uh,
02:08:01 again, they're previously unseen and
02:08:04 unknown. So, no, I cannot answer this
02:08:06 question. I can answer that. We really
02:08:08 do believe we will discover new things.
02:08:13 Can I can I add I I one of the things I
02:08:15 like to think about is the fact that um
02:08:18 when you're talking on a survey where
02:08:20 everything's in the scale of billions,
02:08:22 these one in a million events aren't
02:08:24 that rare anymore. You get lots of one
02:08:26 in a million events if you're talking on
02:08:27 the scale of billions.
02:08:34 All right, thank you. Our next question
02:08:34 is from Alana Shodvinkle from Dur
02:08:37 Spiegel. I had a look at the sky viewer
02:08:40 app and wondered, is the idea that
02:08:41 anyone can discover something in this
02:08:43 image that no astronomer has found yet?
02:08:45 If so, how can no one how could one know
02:08:48 if something is truly new? And what does
02:08:50 someone actually need? What kind of
02:08:52 knowledge or tools to be able to find
02:08:53 something new in these images? Claire,
02:08:56 would you like to comment? Yeah. So, um,
02:08:59 that is one of the things I think is
02:09:01 very fun is if you zoom in and you look
02:09:03 at one of the little fuzzy galaxies in
02:09:04 there, you might be the first person to
02:09:06 be paying attention to that fuzzy blob.
02:09:08 Someone might have glanced at it before,
02:09:09 but you can choose your favorite in
02:09:11 there, which is very cool. Um, if you uh
02:09:15 using that app, you can find the
02:09:16 position, which is given in RA and deck,
02:09:19 which are our coordinates, and you can
02:09:21 look at other cataloges online um that
02:09:24 would if there's information about that,
02:09:26 they'll be in there. But there'll be a
02:09:27 lot of things in there for which there
02:09:29 is no name, there is no catalog yet um
02:09:32 until uh all the amazing science of
02:09:33 Ruben comes out.
02:09:36 Steve, would you like to add? Yeah, let
02:09:37 me just add one other there's so many
02:09:39 great things about Sky Viewer, but one
02:09:41 of the really cool things if you if you
02:09:42 discover a scene you like or an object
02:09:45 you like, you can zoom in to it, frame
02:09:47 it how you like, and then the button on
02:09:49 the lower left will give you a URL,
02:09:52 something you can paste into any browser
02:09:54 and share it with your friends and they
02:09:56 will see the same scene. So you can, you
02:09:58 know, it's it's that's so much better
02:10:00 than saying, "Oh, you know that big
02:10:02 elliptical galaxy sort of off to the
02:10:03 left. Go down a little bit there and
02:10:05 then a little bit over or try to read
02:10:07 the RA and deck, which you can also show
02:10:10 or turn on and off. There are lines of
02:10:12 constant RA and deck. It's so much
02:10:14 easier just to use this fantastic URL
02:10:16 generator and we're hoping people just,
02:10:19 you know, share their favorites."
02:10:22 Thank you, Steve. Mike, so I think
02:10:24 that's all the time we have for
02:10:25 questions today. Uh, do we have we can
02:10:27 one this will be the last question.
02:10:30 Yeah, I just perked up when you talked
02:10:31 about omua. Do you think you'd be able
02:10:32 to resolve the question of its origin if
02:10:35 it's artificial or natural by pointing
02:10:37 at it uh where you where where you think
02:10:39 it is now or it we know it is now? I'm
02:10:41 sorry. Can you Umua Mua uh do you think
02:10:44 you'll be able to resolve its artificial
02:10:46 or natural origin based by by pointing
02:10:48 at it now? Uhua Mua is long gone. We
02:10:53 cannot detect it. But we think we will
02:10:56 learn more about that interesting
02:10:58 question because we will have a much
02:11:00 larger sample. We will get between 10
02:11:03 and 20 maybe even more. And then by
02:11:06 studying statistical properties of those
02:11:09 objects we can ask is it more consistent
02:11:11 with some natural population or we can
02:11:15 go to far-fetched theorist too.
02:11:20 if it comes back.
02:11:27 Thank you again.
02:11:27 [Applause]
02:11:36 Okay. Uh so that was pretty funny. I
02:11:36 thought I actually laughed out aloud. Um
02:11:38 so theua mua question was that it's all
02:11:42 it's long gone and uh if it comes back
02:11:45 we know that it's artificial. That's
02:11:46 actually a pretty good answer. Oh, I can
02:11:48 also take off my super uncomfortable
02:11:51 headphones. All right, so uh I think
02:11:54 what time is it? 1:30 a.m. Oh my god, I
02:11:56 got to go to bed. Uh so 20 more minutes
02:11:59 maybe max ask last minute last minute
02:12:02 questions. Anything else? Anything else
02:12:04 that was confusing or you didn't
02:12:06 understand? I'll try to I'll try my best
02:12:07 to explain. But as I mentioned in the uh
02:12:10 the no what are you calling in the
02:12:12 comments in the in the chat um I will
02:12:14 most likely do a kind of a brief
02:12:16 overview of what they discussed in some
02:12:18 of the feature videos because they do
02:12:20 they did mention a lot of different
02:12:21 links that they uh posted and a lot of
02:12:23 different QR codes and so on and so
02:12:25 forth. Uh and because their website
02:12:28 actually crashed in the middle it's kind
02:12:30 of difficult to access everything.
02:12:32 So, we'll we'll definitely come back and
02:12:34 talk more about this, but honestly, I'm
02:12:37 just generally more excited to see um
02:12:39 what the future images are going to be.
02:12:41 Uh and we'll we'll definitely discuss
02:12:43 some of the first discoveries from Vera
02:12:45 Rubin in hopefully the next month or so.
02:12:49 Cool. So, uh we got the OMU question
02:12:52 answered. So, it's all it's long gone.
02:12:54 And if it comes back, we know it's
02:12:55 aliens. And if it's doesn't if it
02:12:56 doesn't come back then uh as they
02:12:59 mentioned in the press uh in the in the
02:13:02 stream uh we expect that they expect at
02:13:05 least 20 different objects at least uh
02:13:08 did he say per year? I think he said per
02:13:10 year. Uh different interstellar object
02:13:12 per year or was it in total? No, I think
02:13:15 it's per year. That's how that's how
02:13:17 extremely accurate Ver Rubin is going to
02:13:19 be. And that's that's actually
02:13:21 mind-blowing when you think about it.
02:13:22 Being able to detect so many
02:13:24 interstellar objects, not we're not
02:13:26 talking about comets. We're not talking
02:13:27 about or cloud objects or Kepler uh not
02:13:29 Kepler Kyper belt objects. We're talking
02:13:31 about actual objects from other star
02:13:33 systems. So here the expectation
02:13:35 expectation is that this telescope is
02:13:38 sensitive enough to be able to detect
02:13:40 practically
02:13:42 a handful every every year. So that's
02:13:45 that's amazing.
02:13:47 So anyway, uh,
02:13:50 uh, so people are asking me about the
02:13:52 next stream. Last year when we had a
02:13:54 stream in regards to the solar eclipse,
02:13:57 that was actually quite amazing. I
02:13:59 promised to stream uh in next month. So
02:14:01 I'm going to do the same this time,
02:14:03 which means that it's probably going to
02:14:04 be next year. It's It's not Okay, so
02:14:06 truth be told, I would love to do more
02:14:08 streams, and I know that streams are
02:14:10 fun, and this is great for everyone. The
02:14:13 thing is um because I do post daily
02:14:16 videos and I have to pick up my kids in
02:14:19 the morning. I just it's difficult. It's
02:14:21 very difficult to do streams uh more
02:14:24 frequently than I guess what I'm doing
02:14:25 now. But I'll try to do a few uh at
02:14:28 least maybe in the next few months
02:14:30 assuming there's something to talk about
02:14:31 because I mean having a stream without a
02:14:34 topic is difficult. Here we have a great
02:14:36 topic. It's a it's a great discussion
02:14:37 and uh definitely something to look
02:14:39 forward to. Um, okay. I guess they're
02:14:42 they're done with their stream. I can
02:14:43 close this and let's take a look at Oh,
02:14:46 I finally found the map I was mentioning
02:14:48 some of the previous uh comments. That's
02:14:51 the map. The map of different uh Rubin
02:14:55 parties. Basically, every location you
02:14:56 see here, they had a either a in-person
02:15:00 party or a virtual party you could
02:15:02 attend to to basic to listen to this
02:15:05 announcement and to talk about the
02:15:06 discoveries from Ver Rubin. Anyway,
02:15:08 we'll be we won't be needing this
02:15:10 anymore because that's done and I wanted
02:15:12 to leave it on this image right here.
02:15:14 Cool. So, um let me see. Let me read
02:15:17 some of the comments I missed. Uh
02:15:21 will will this telescope What? I missed
02:15:23 the comment. I'm so sorry. Uh
02:15:31 it's it so my apologies for being super
02:15:31 slow. I'm I need to wear glasses to read
02:15:34 these comments and also there are a lot
02:15:35 of comments and some of them are uh some
02:15:39 of them have a lot of questions so I
02:15:40 have to be able to focus at the same
02:15:42 time as I try to think uh what will uh
02:15:45 so night post is asking what will you do
02:15:46 with the data app images will you go in
02:15:48 and discover yourself get your name on
02:15:50 another object oh yeah so I was actually
02:15:53 so some of you might not know but uh
02:15:55 there's an astronomer in Canada that
02:15:56 decided to name an asteroid after me I
02:15:59 was just as surprised as you and I had
02:16:01 no idea he was doing it. Uh, so now
02:16:03 there's a little asteroid out there
02:16:05 that's probably going to be visible to
02:16:07 Ver Rubin telescope that is named Anton
02:16:10 Petro and that was just as shocking to
02:16:12 me as as you. Um, anyh who uh
02:16:22 so some people are talking about the
02:16:22 streams. Yeah. So when it comes to
02:16:24 streaming, I actually have done streams
02:16:26 with Frasier Kane. Um and uh
02:16:30 the biggest issue for me with those with
02:16:32 streaming with with other people with
02:16:33 other content content creators is that I
02:16:36 live in East Asia and they most of them
02:16:39 live in North America. So when they can
02:16:41 stream, which is usually around noon,
02:16:43 maybe 1 2 p.m., it's my bad time. And uh
02:16:47 I
02:16:48 um yeah, I I basically can just cannot
02:16:50 handle it. It's it's it's very tough
02:16:52 with young kids especially. So when I
02:16:55 can do it, they're they're sleeping and
02:16:57 when they can do it, I'm sleeping. So
02:16:58 that's that's the issue. I would love to
02:17:00 do it with Asian uh streamers, but
02:17:02 unfortunately uh astronomy is not really
02:17:04 a big field in in uh in East Asia. Even
02:17:07 though there are a lot of um there's a
02:17:09 lot of research coming out of China, but
02:17:10 just not a lot of streamers, not a lot
02:17:12 of people interested in astronomy here.
02:17:14 It's not a field that people pursue
02:17:16 usually. Um
02:17:18 anyway, uh moving on. Don't
02:17:23 so someone's asking me don't I want to
02:17:24 try some educational series basic of
02:17:26 astronomy? I actually used to make those
02:17:29 videos before like the the actual
02:17:31 channel started as an educational
02:17:32 channel. I was teaching math and uh
02:17:34 different sciences and there is I did
02:17:38 have a plan for several videos and it's
02:17:40 still being worked on and I will
02:17:42 definitely finish it probably in the
02:17:43 next year or so. However, uh the
02:17:46 challenge there is that um I basically
02:17:50 had to rely on AI tools to create the
02:17:52 actual website for it. And there it's so
02:17:54 badly made that I'm I'm not able to just
02:17:57 I I I cannot do it. It's those websites
02:18:00 are required for basically, you know,
02:18:01 practicing things or figuring out how to
02:18:03 for example tracking different asteroids
02:18:05 and learning how to how to discover
02:18:07 asteroids. Um the I had a whole series
02:18:10 of astronomy videos that I wanted to
02:18:12 create with actual practice. uh tests or
02:18:15 uh practice tools. Uh and unfortunately
02:18:17 AI really screwed it up for me. So um
02:18:20 it's being worked on in the future once
02:18:23 I have enough time. Maybe I'll take a
02:18:25 summer break or something and work on
02:18:26 it. But yeah, educational series are
02:18:28 definitely coming. I mean the point of
02:18:30 this channel is really it's not just
02:18:32 entertainment. It's really education and
02:18:34 it's inspiring people to not forget that
02:18:37 science exists and that, you know,
02:18:39 astronomy is real and biology is there
02:18:41 and there's so many things discovered
02:18:43 every single day that it's worth it's
02:18:46 worth pursuing.
02:18:48 Cool. Uh so someone is asking me, can I
02:18:50 just move to a new location? I would
02:18:52 love to. Uh but uh because uh well it's
02:18:55 really because of my family situation
02:18:57 right now. Uh my wife uh who is Korean,
02:18:59 she needs to stay in South Korea for at
02:19:01 least a few more years and um we have
02:19:03 young kids that basically are they they
02:19:07 are difficult to raise without
02:19:09 grandparents and so we need their help
02:19:11 and once they get older then yeah
02:19:13 definitely
02:19:14 uh but for now I'm I'm here just have to
02:19:18 stay here mostly because of the kids and
02:19:20 the family. Um and yeah, Frasier Kane is
02:19:24 actually he's he's a great guy. He I
02:19:26 definitely did. I did two streams with
02:19:28 him at least. And uh I would love to do
02:19:30 more, but I wanted him to come here. I
02:19:32 invited him a few times, but he never
02:19:34 came. I mean, traveling from North
02:19:37 America to Asia is a little bit
02:19:38 challenging. Uh
02:19:42 okay. Uh so what else did I miss?
02:19:47 Uh will we be able to find and track
02:19:49 rogue planets? So uh when it comes to
02:19:51 rogue planets,
02:19:53 most of the rogue planets are usually
02:19:55 discovered through the gravitational
02:19:56 lensing effects and u even though
02:20:00 technically this telescope can do it
02:20:03 because based on what they've provided
02:20:05 us uh what they've told us so far there
02:20:07 seems to be like a 3 to 4 day
02:20:09 difference. I don't think it will be I
02:20:12 don't think it'll be accurate enough.
02:20:13 There are better telescopes for this but
02:20:14 it will be definitely able to detect
02:20:16 some rogue planets. Uh, actually, no. I
02:20:19 think it would be actually pretty good
02:20:20 at it now that I'm thinking about it. It
02:20:22 it because it's able to detect most of
02:20:25 the objects in the galaxy, it should be
02:20:27 able to detect um sudden changes in
02:20:30 brightness. Yeah, sorry, my bad. Yeah,
02:20:31 it would definitely be good. I I had to
02:20:33 rethink about it for a second. I'm like,
02:20:34 wait a second. What am I talking about?
02:20:35 It's really good at detecting
02:20:36 gravitational lensing. Yeah, so it
02:20:38 should be good at detecting rogue
02:20:40 planets. Uh one issue that you might
02:20:42 have though is um
02:20:45 there will be definitely a time limit.
02:20:48 So we have about three days between
02:20:51 frames. Um so you'll have one frame,
02:20:53 you'll have another frame, you have
02:20:54 another frame and there's like 3 days
02:20:56 between them. So the actual
02:20:57 gravitational lensing will be um most
02:21:01 likely not very accurate. So you'll have
02:21:03 to use other telescopes for this. Uh but
02:21:05 yeah, I think rogue planets defin
02:21:07 basically anything in the Milky Way
02:21:08 it'll be able to detect as far as we
02:21:10 know except for black holes. It's black
02:21:12 holes usually visible in different
02:21:14 frequencies.
02:21:16 Cool. Okay, solar and night. Uh thank
02:21:18 you so much again. Uh like uh what's uh
02:21:21 life during the next major eclipse date?
02:21:24 Next major eclipse. Uh when is the next
02:21:26 major eclipse? It's like in a couple
02:21:28 years. No, hold on. Let me check. 2027,
02:21:30 I think. Next solar eclipse.
02:21:34 I thought it was 2027. And it's like
02:21:36 somewhere in the Pacific, I think.
02:21:40 Uh, no, it's not the one.
02:21:48 Uh, oh, okay. So, there's a partial
02:21:48 solar eclipse in September, but that's a
02:21:51 that's a partial. We don't want partial.
02:21:53 We want the we want the total solar
02:21:56 eclipse. Oh, okay. Greenland, Iceland,
02:21:58 and Spain, August of 2026. All right.
02:22:01 Yeah, that's next year. That's exactly a
02:22:03 year from now. So definitely I'll
02:22:05 definitely stream that. Uh I mean if I
02:22:08 can make it to Greenland or Iceland or
02:22:10 Spain that would be great but chances
02:22:12 are probably not unless I can take my
02:22:15 kids with me. Uh so okay someone ask me
02:22:18 would I come back to Canada? Yeah I I
02:22:20 would love to come to Canada. The the
02:22:23 issue is that so my life has been kind
02:22:26 of paused because of COVID at first. Uh
02:22:28 I was I used to work here as a teacher.
02:22:30 Then COVID started. I took a pause. Then
02:22:32 we had a family tragedy unfortunately.
02:22:35 Uh and so we decided to stay here for in
02:22:37 Korea for a little bit. Um and Canada is
02:22:42 basically my home and it's my next
02:22:43 destination hopefully. But when I'm
02:22:45 going to come back is obviously unknown.
02:22:47 Uh and since we have young kids now,
02:22:49 it's just a little bit difficult to
02:22:50 travel with them. Uh, our youngest
02:22:52 daughter is two years old and she is,
02:22:54 you don't want to sit, you don't want to
02:22:56 sit on an airplane with her for more
02:22:58 than two hours. She goes crazy. Um,
02:23:03 so, okay, cool, cool, cool. What did I
02:23:05 miss? Thank you so much, Drop Baruda,
02:23:08 and thank you for enjoying astronomy.
02:23:10 Um,
02:23:12 some people are saying that I look good
02:23:14 look good with glasses. This is a
02:23:16 requirement. I cannot read comments or
02:23:17 anything on my screen unless I have
02:23:19 them. When I record videos, I actually
02:23:20 had to remove these because they they
02:23:22 have a bit of a glare and because of the
02:23:25 green screen, it sometimes makes my eyes
02:23:26 invisible. So, I had to remove them. But
02:23:29 I basic uh So, one of the reasons my
02:23:31 videos might sound different from how I
02:23:33 talk right now is actually because I
02:23:36 don't have a script. I kind of have a
02:23:38 bunch of points I want to make and I
02:23:39 think about them for a while and then I
02:23:42 talk about them and I stop, I pause, I
02:23:44 think. So, that's why some of the videos
02:23:45 are a little bit disjointed. Uh, I guess
02:23:48 if I do find glasses that don't create
02:23:50 glare, I can maybe have scripts and read
02:23:52 through from them. But yeah, it's just
02:23:54 it's a it's a YouTuber thing. It's a
02:23:56 challenge. Cool, cool, cool. Uh, moving
02:23:59 on. Uh, anyway, any questions about the
02:24:00 Heer Rubin telescope? Okay, so here
02:24:03 here's one. Colin Whitehead asks, um,
02:24:06 will this telescope help us accurately
02:24:08 figure out how many stars are in the
02:24:10 Milky Way? Um h that's a good question
02:24:14 but
02:24:15 I don't think so because
02:24:19 it Gaia telescope would be much better
02:24:21 at that
02:24:23 and it has already showed us quite a lot
02:24:25 of different stars and also this
02:24:27 particular telescope it'll be able to
02:24:29 see stars
02:24:31 but I don't think it'll be better at
02:24:33 seeing just stars. I mean, I need to
02:24:36 think about this though. And also, you
02:24:38 know, the stars that are blocked by the
02:24:40 uh actual um center of the galaxy, the
02:24:43 central molecular zone as we call it,
02:24:45 they're still going to be invisible.
02:24:46 This telescope is entirely optical in
02:24:48 nature. So, it's kind of like seeing
02:24:50 things with your eyes, just like more
02:24:51 accurately, you know. Um so, uh I'm
02:24:55 going to say no to that because I don't
02:24:59 think it will be it'll be seen more
02:25:01 stars. We've already seen plenty of
02:25:02 stars in the galaxy. it will just be
02:25:05 able to see what what it can see better
02:25:07 is changes in those stars. So if those
02:25:09 stars are basically flaring or if
02:25:11 they're if they're changing their
02:25:13 brightness just a little bit, if they're
02:25:14 um variable stars, you'll be able to
02:25:16 detect that for sure. So in that sense,
02:25:18 it will it will be able to like for
02:25:20 example, if it's a a sephid variable,
02:25:23 which is a star that allows us to
02:25:24 determine distances, it will be able to
02:25:27 see that star and then tell us how far
02:25:29 away it is much more accurately. That
02:25:31 will be its sort of strength, I guess.
02:25:36 Cool.
02:25:38 Uh oh, I missed the comment. Nightpost,
02:25:40 thank you so much. Um, one day I hope to
02:25:44 hear you say it's aliens. First of all,
02:25:46 I have to the for years people complain
02:25:49 how I pronounce aliens and I'm changing
02:25:50 I'm not changing that by the way. Uh,
02:25:52 but if if that never happens, it was it
02:25:54 was wonderful to just stay curious.
02:25:56 Yeah. So um most of you probably don't
02:25:59 know but my background is not astronomy.
02:26:01 My background is actually in in
02:26:02 microbiology and biochemistry and um
02:26:06 because of this I still have trouble
02:26:10 believing in existence of
02:26:12 extraterrestrial life in general not
02:26:14 even aliens. I knowing what I know about
02:26:16 microbiology which I'll discuss in some
02:26:18 of the future videos I don't think life
02:26:22 is that easy to create to form in in on
02:26:25 other planets. I think we just for some
02:26:27 reason our planet got super lucky.
02:26:29 That's the question we cannot answer
02:26:30 yet. But yeah, I hope so too. I hope one
02:26:33 day we'll be like, "Hey, look at that."
02:26:34 So, we finally found them. Um, aliens
02:26:37 somewhere out there.
02:26:40 Someone is asking me about K-pop. I have
02:26:41 I don't I know nothing about K-pop. I'm
02:26:44 sorry. I don't don't don't
02:26:47 do not expect it to know anything. Uh,
02:26:57 so and someone's asking me if the Oh. Oh
02:26:57 no, my chat. Where did it go?
02:27:00 I'm sorry. My my browser just crashed.
02:27:03 Okay, here we go. I missed a bunch of
02:27:05 comments. Um, so, uh, is there no life
02:27:10 on Europa? Well,
02:27:13 this is all pure guess work on my part.
02:27:16 I no evidence whatsoever in terms of
02:27:18 like if there's anything or not. If
02:27:20 there is anything on Europa, on Titan,
02:27:23 on u on Ganymede, even on Mars, in my
02:27:28 opinion, it might have come from Earth.
02:27:31 It might have been a contamination from
02:27:32 an asteroid from previous missions.
02:27:35 It it might have been made here,
02:27:38 transferred there. That's basically
02:27:40 Pensburgh. That's my opinion. I don't I
02:27:44 mean we just don't have any evidence of
02:27:45 anything existing anywhere out there
02:27:47 right now. It's all guess work. If
02:27:49 however we discover something on an
02:27:51 object out there for example your robot
02:27:53 right if we actually do find something
02:27:55 that's entirely different in structure
02:27:57 the the uh genome is different like just
02:27:59 impossible to create on earth then okay
02:28:02 yeah we found alien life I was wrong it
02:28:04 can be created somewhere else in
02:28:06 different conditions but as it is right
02:28:08 now just based on the complexity of
02:28:10 biochemical reactions uh how DNA is is
02:28:14 formed how the cells are structured just
02:28:17 the the the even the process of protein
02:28:19 folding itself, it is just so
02:28:21 astronomically difficult to create that
02:28:23 somewhere else. And if it does exist, it
02:28:26 exists somewhere super far away like not
02:28:28 not in our galaxy. I think that's my
02:28:30 that's my sort of two cents.
02:28:34 Um what do I think about quantum nature
02:28:37 of target rates?
02:28:39 I don't think much about quantum nature
02:28:42 of target rates. Uh I mean I didn't I
02:28:43 didn't mention that there was a study
02:28:45 like a few years ago where they tried to
02:28:47 quantum entangle target grades but a lot
02:28:49 of people also then kind a lot of
02:28:51 scientists kind of pushed back on that
02:28:53 particular study because nobody was
02:28:56 certain that was a quantum entanglement
02:28:57 of target grades. On the other hand
02:29:00 there's also a study slash hypothesis by
02:29:02 famous Roger Penrose that maybe just
02:29:05 maybe our consciousness is actually
02:29:07 based on quantum entanglement. That's
02:29:09 there's a video in the description you
02:29:11 can you can uh not in the description.
02:29:12 Sorry. In the on the channel, you can
02:29:14 look up quantum consciousness. Uh it's
02:29:16 one of the videos I made a few years ago
02:29:18 because that was a pretty interesting
02:29:20 proposition that maybe for all we know
02:29:22 our consciousness is based on quantum
02:29:24 effects and there seems to be evidence
02:29:26 that something quantum is going on
02:29:28 inside our brain. But right now, nobody
02:29:30 knows. All of these questions about uh
02:29:32 consciousness, alien life, um
02:29:37 basically quantum stuff in general
02:29:39 usually is right now we're still kind of
02:29:41 figuring out. There's no no concrete
02:29:43 evidence, no concrete conclusions yet.
02:29:46 Um
02:29:48 okay, another question about pansermia.
02:29:50 What if complex life only formed because
02:29:51 panspermia brought alien life to an
02:29:53 already inhabited earth and allowed
02:29:55 greater greater genetic mutation than
02:29:57 otherwise available? Well, I mean it's a
02:29:59 good question, but by that by that
02:30:01 logic. So, okay. Well, where did that
02:30:03 life come from, right? And did it start
02:30:05 somewhere else? And did that come from
02:30:06 somewhere else too? Is this like a
02:30:08 continuous panspermia? Because it's an
02:30:11 interesting proposition, but right now
02:30:13 there is just no evidence for either
02:30:16 panspermia. We we have not discovered
02:30:18 any asteroid that seems to contain
02:30:19 contain any life or signs of life in it.
02:30:22 Uh there's no evidence for life in on
02:30:24 other moons, other planets, other
02:30:26 asteroids, nowhere out there. And
02:30:28 there's definitely no life um even on
02:30:31 Mars so far at least. Uh the the most
02:30:33 famous announcement was in the nuh was
02:30:36 the press release by Bill Clinton in
02:30:38 1997. That's actually when I started
02:30:39 doing a lot of astrobiology as well as
02:30:41 as a hobby. Uh and his announcement was
02:30:45 incorrect. He he he basically jumped
02:30:47 jumped the gun there. Uh there was the
02:30:49 the little Let me show you what I'm
02:30:51 talking about. Uh the little asteroid
02:30:55 that he was talking about. Um
02:30:59 Alen Hills 84001,
02:31:02 the famous asteroid. Let me see if I can
02:31:04 show this to you by pressing
02:31:07 Oh, here by removing my face. Here we
02:31:10 go. Uh it was this this little thing.
02:31:14 This this is this was the the biggest
02:31:17 announcement in history of science I
02:31:19 guess uh on the potential discovery of
02:31:22 alien life on a on on another planet and
02:31:25 later on um it was confirmed to be not
02:31:28 life almost 100% because researchers
02:31:30 were able to recreate this using just
02:31:32 chemical reactions and it was too small
02:31:34 to be anything living and it was like in
02:31:36 nanometers in size and I mean after this
02:31:39 a lot of scientists became super
02:31:41 skeptical because it was such a big
02:31:43 announcement And it created a lot of
02:31:44 buzz over nothing because within months
02:31:47 someone was able to recreate this just
02:31:49 by using chemistry. And so um I don't
02:31:53 think it's I don't think it's going to
02:31:56 be easy to prove existence of
02:31:58 extraterrestrial life.
02:32:01 Um okay, what does the observatory do
02:32:04 during daytime? Oh, that's a good
02:32:05 question. I mean
02:32:08 I the observatory itself probably just
02:32:10 recalibrates. they probably clean it and
02:32:12 stuff but uh researchers work 24/7 for
02:32:16 uh for as much as the observatory is
02:32:19 available to them. Uh normally um from
02:32:22 what I know from some of the other
02:32:23 observatories during daytime they
02:32:25 actually do a lot of uh maintenance and
02:32:27 data transfers and during night time is
02:32:29 when they they do the actual captures uh
02:32:31 the the data uh captures at least that's
02:32:34 what I know from previous observatories.
02:32:36 This one I'm not sure.
02:32:38 Uh
02:32:43 oh, that's a good question. Scott Brown
02:32:43 asks, "Where is the line between being a
02:32:45 rightly deeply skeptical scientist and
02:32:47 being a scientist that rejects new data
02:32:48 because it conflicts with their life's
02:32:50 work personal beliefs?" It's a great
02:32:51 question and um it's it's a question I
02:32:55 think a lot of scientists do deal with
02:32:56 every day probably. I mean, it's it's a
02:32:59 matter of it's my ego and I want to be
02:33:01 proven correct versus here's the data. I
02:33:03 chose something that's completely
02:33:04 different, right? And the the beauty of
02:33:07 science is that I mean if you have an
02:33:11 overwhelming evidence coming toward you,
02:33:14 you just have to accept it, you know,
02:33:16 suck it up and be uh be be the man uh be
02:33:20 a big boy and just accept it. And it
02:33:21 happened to most scientists, I think, uh
02:33:23 not not all scientists. There are
02:33:25 actually still scientists uh even alive
02:33:27 today that um in the 60s proposed that
02:33:29 the big bang theory was incorrect and
02:33:31 they still refused to accept it. And
02:33:33 though I understand their point, the
02:33:36 evidence is just completely overwhelming
02:33:38 against them. And it's uh the so-called
02:33:40 steady state theory is just does not
02:33:43 seem to be does not seem to align with
02:33:45 the we have yet they refuse to accept it
02:33:48 because they they strongly strongly
02:33:50 believe that it's not true. And and and
02:33:52 in that sense, well, you can still hear
02:33:54 their opinion. I I I I mean that's
02:33:56 that's also the other beauty of science
02:33:58 is that you're still welcome to accept
02:33:59 someone's opinion, but if the evidence
02:34:01 is against it, I think it's fair to say
02:34:04 that they might be incorrect. And that's
02:34:06 just something that is great about
02:34:08 science is that it's it's it's a it's a
02:34:10 sharing of opinions, but the evidence
02:34:12 always wins.
02:34:14 Someone has asked me if I'm religious.
02:34:16 Once upon a time, a long time ago,
02:34:18 especially when my mom passed away, I
02:34:19 had I became religious for a little bit
02:34:22 to to deal with with my uh number one
02:34:25 tragedy. And unfortunately, it it didn't
02:34:28 work. And so, no, not anymore. I'm I'm
02:34:31 religious in the sense that I'm just as
02:34:33 religious as Einstein. Uh he once said
02:34:35 that he believed in the god of what's
02:34:38 his name? The god of
02:34:41 I have to look it up real quick.
02:34:44 God of uh
02:34:51 he believed in God of Spinoza Spinoza's
02:34:51 god. Uh it's it's named after Baruk
02:34:53 Spinoza a um was it Dutch? Was that the
02:34:56 Dutch or Spanish uh philosopher who
02:34:58 basically proposed that you know the
02:34:59 universe is the god. So so you it
02:35:02 doesn't have to be conscious. It doesn't
02:35:03 have to be thing think thinking or
02:35:05 caring about us. It's just there. It's
02:35:07 something that's there. And in that
02:35:09 sense, yeah, I think there's might there
02:35:11 might be something, but it's not like a
02:35:12 it's not a it's just you believe in the
02:35:14 universe as as as a as a thing. And
02:35:18 that's what Einstein believed. And
02:35:19 that's kind of what I think is maybe out
02:35:21 there, too. But beliefs are to me,
02:35:23 they're not important anymore. I really,
02:35:25 in my opinion, it's more important to
02:35:26 follow the evidence. And if there's an
02:35:29 overwhelming evidence for something, you
02:35:31 just have to you really have to kind of
02:35:33 accept that you might have been wrong.
02:35:34 And I've I've taught myself that over
02:35:36 the years. Uh, I mean, I was wrong about
02:35:39 a lot of things in some of the previous
02:35:40 videos even. Um, and uh, just just you
02:35:44 just have to you just have to find a way
02:35:45 to to accept that sometimes you're
02:35:47 incorrect.
02:35:49 So, you know,
02:35:51 that's the answer. Not maybe not a good
02:35:54 answer.
02:35:56 Um,
02:35:58 okay. So, I'm trying to see some
02:36:00 questions. Uh, h if there's any last
02:36:02 questions. I'm probably going to stop
02:36:04 this in about five minutes, but mostly
02:36:06 because it's 2 am here.
02:36:10 Uh
02:36:12 oh, so someone's asking me if I believe
02:36:13 we live inside a black hole. So, in the
02:36:16 last few years, there's there's been a
02:36:17 few studies about this. Um there mostly
02:36:20 on sort of circumstantial evidence. I
02:36:22 wouldn't say it's very strong evidence,
02:36:24 but evidence in regards to, you know,
02:36:26 things rotating in a certain way and uh
02:36:29 possibly some explanations in in regards
02:36:31 to how we have a horizon that seems to
02:36:35 resemble a black hole horizon except
02:36:38 that it's on the outside. Um what's the
02:36:40 what was the other evidence? Um
02:36:43 anyway, long story short is that
02:36:47 because there are other better
02:36:48 explanations
02:36:50 and because the black hole explanation
02:36:53 is really more of a like a hype
02:36:56 explanation as opposed to like okay that
02:36:57 makes sense. Um right now I don't think
02:37:00 so. it it's it really does not look like
02:37:03 we we are inside a black hole especially
02:37:05 based on some of the studies we have
02:37:09 like for example the rotation studies
02:37:11 they established that it seems to be a
02:37:13 bias and it there's there seems to be
02:37:15 something going on but it's not entirely
02:37:17 certain if if the things are rotating
02:37:19 really how we think they're rotating or
02:37:21 if it's just we've seen them rotate this
02:37:23 way. Uh as a matter of fact uh a lot of
02:37:25 studies establish that things just seem
02:37:27 to clump certain way and that's because
02:37:29 of the so-called um cosmic web which
02:37:32 kind of resembles this humongous uh web
02:37:36 of stuff across the universe kind of
02:37:38 looks like this. And because of this
02:37:40 things just tend to organize a little
02:37:42 bit differently around the universe. Uh
02:37:45 and this might give us a bit of a bias
02:37:47 looks like oh things are rotating this
02:37:48 way but it's really because they're just
02:37:49 kind of in the same location. Um, so
02:37:52 yeah, so right now there's just not
02:37:54 enough evidence about the black hole
02:37:56 living inside the black hole hypothesis.
02:37:58 It would be cool obviously and there was
02:38:00 a recent study that tried to explain
02:38:02 this as a basically the universe the big
02:38:05 bang was a kind of a expansion of the
02:38:08 black hole um from as a result of some
02:38:11 kind of a
02:38:14 um entropy effect. It was a very
02:38:17 difficult explanation. It took me a few
02:38:19 hours to even wrap my hand head hand
02:38:21 head around it, but um having read
02:38:24 through the study and having read some
02:38:26 of the counter evidence, it's still it's
02:38:29 it's like a cool proposition, it kind of
02:38:31 makes sense, but there's just no
02:38:33 evidence that that it that's that
02:38:36 they're correct. Mostly because we don't
02:38:38 have enough evidence from before the Big
02:38:39 Bang. We have no evidence for what
02:38:41 happened in the first few nanoconds of
02:38:43 the universe. And so what they're saying
02:38:45 is like, okay, it's cool. It explains
02:38:47 some stuff, but it just doesn't explain
02:38:48 enough. So, I would say no. At least for
02:38:51 now. Maybe. Maybe they're right. But for
02:38:54 now, I would say it's just we're just we
02:38:57 seem to be in a universe that's just
02:38:59 expanding. I don't think there's a
02:39:00 anything more to it for now at least.
02:39:03 Uh so anyway,
02:39:06 let's see if I missed anything
02:39:08 important. Uh
02:39:14 okay, I need my I need my coffee.
02:39:14 Could
02:39:17 it be a white hole? Um, so as of 2025,
02:39:22 what is it? June almost July 2025,
02:39:25 from all of the observations out there,
02:39:27 there has not been a single white hole
02:39:29 discovered anywhere in the universe,
02:39:31 anywhere in the universe. Um, and so I
02:39:36 don't think it's a white hole. I think
02:39:37 white holes might be just hypothetical
02:39:39 or may exist in some kind of a I don't
02:39:42 know like a reverse universe that goes
02:39:44 back in time but we don't seem to have
02:39:46 white holes. Sorry.
02:39:53 Draw bar is asking me a question I uh
02:39:53 deserve right now because I'm so tired.
02:39:55 Do I ever imagine myself as a giraffe
02:39:57 eating tiny trees when eating broccoli?
02:40:00 Uh every day. Every day. Barakuda.
02:40:09 Uh, have I heard of not physics theory?
02:40:09 No, sorry. Not familiar with that.
02:40:12 Um,
02:40:14 cool.
02:40:22 All right.
02:40:22 So, I think I didn't miss any questions.
02:40:24 If you have any last minute Q&A uh Q
02:40:26 questions to ask before I say goodbye to
02:40:29 you until next year or until the next uh
02:40:33 what what was it uh eclipse I guess
02:40:35 actually there might be an announcement
02:40:37 uh before the end of the year. We'll
02:40:38 definitely do a stream if there's a big
02:40:39 announcement from from any astronomical
02:40:42 facilities or science foundations. But
02:40:45 uh any last questions because I'm
02:40:47 probably going to be leaving in about
02:40:48 five minutes. I need to go to bed. It's
02:40:51 2 am 157. Uh
02:40:59 yeah,
02:40:59 cool. The best best question award for
02:41:02 the best question goes to Mr. Barracuda
02:41:04 for asking me if I if I can eat uh if I
02:41:08 dream of eating broccoli as a giraffe.
02:41:16 And someone is asking me if I if I if if
02:41:16 I know how I how I say. Do you know you
02:41:19 say aliens in a funny way? No, I don't.
02:41:21 You say aliens in a funny way. I say it
02:41:23 the right way. That's how you say it.
02:41:25 Aliens. Aliens. It's aliens.
02:41:30 Say it with me. Aliens.
02:41:33 Um, someone asked me, "Why am I good?
02:41:35 Why am I so good at this?" at what? I'm
02:41:37 not good at this. I'm not good at
02:41:39 streaming. I barely record. Well, I've
02:41:42 been doing this for since 2016
02:41:45 part-time. Then I started doing it
02:41:47 full-time in 2020. So, like five years
02:41:48 full-time, and I'm still struggling.
02:41:51 so difficult. You don't know how
02:41:53 difficult it is. Do not ever become a
02:41:55 YouTuber or any content creator. It's
02:41:57 just so challenging.
02:42:07 okay, I'm reading some of the last
02:42:07 comments and uh someone's asking me
02:42:10 about merch. You want to know about
02:42:12 merch? Would you like to buy merch?
02:42:14 Actually, yeah. I wanted to create a
02:42:16 design with that asteroid, Anton Petra
02:42:20 asteroid, but it's still being worked
02:42:21 on. I want it to be super funny and it's
02:42:24 mostly for me. It's not even for you to
02:42:25 buy, but if you want to buy this, it's
02:42:27 cool. It's going to have like a funny
02:42:29 face. Let me see if I can actually find
02:42:30 the picture. Uh there was a there was a
02:42:32 student in somewhere in California,
02:42:35 undergraduate student who did not share
02:42:37 his or her name, but he goes by K Lee.
02:42:41 Uh, and he created this incredible
02:42:43 infographics with all of the uh, funny
02:42:45 asteroid pictures. Uh, and one of them
02:42:48 has my face on it. I want to see if I
02:42:49 have it here. Do I have it here? Let me
02:42:51 see. Uh,
02:42:54 it's so funny. I could not stop
02:42:56 laughing.
02:42:58 So, I want to have that as a merge.
02:43:00 Oh, I don't have it here. H. Anyway, I
02:43:03 it was in that video where I where I
02:43:05 talked about the asteroid Anton Petro.
02:43:07 So, that's going to be the next merch.
02:43:09 And that you don't have to buy. You
02:43:11 really don't have to, but it helps. I
02:43:13 get like about $3 off every purchase, in
02:43:15 case you wondered. Uh, so
02:43:19 yeah. And also, a lot of I kind of
02:43:22 stopped mentioning this, but a lot of
02:43:23 the stuff I do when it comes to like
02:43:25 merch or if I ever do sponsorships, by
02:43:28 the way, most of this goes to charities
02:43:30 because I just I I make enough from
02:43:33 YouTube as it is. And I don't um the the
02:43:38 charity I've been supporting is is a
02:43:40 there's a Korean um orphanage. So, okay,
02:43:43 in case you in case you were not here in
02:43:45 2022, um our family had a small tragedy.
02:43:49 Uh our son, our super young son passed
02:43:51 away when he was only 3 months old. And
02:43:53 ever since then, I basically kind of
02:43:54 committed to supporting uh a few
02:43:56 orphanages here and there. And so many
02:43:59 many of the things that um I make as a
02:44:02 as an extra income including uh Patreon
02:44:05 and um donations and stuff like that.
02:44:08 All of pretty much most of this not like
02:44:10 all of this but most of this like I
02:44:12 would say 95% of this usually goes to
02:44:14 the one of those orphanages. Just just
02:44:16 something that my wife and I do to feel
02:44:18 better. It's been it's been tough. It's
02:44:20 been tough three three years for us but
02:44:22 we we're trying our best.
02:44:24 And then you know as some of you
02:44:26 probably know that I have a lot of
02:44:27 family in Eastern Europe, Ukraine,
02:44:30 Bellarus and Russia and uh even though I
02:44:33 don't know them that well we all got
02:44:35 affected by the war. So it's just it's
02:44:38 been it's been it's been pretty crazy
02:44:40 three years for me. Uh so so yeah just
02:44:45 trying to survive. But anyway, so here
02:44:48 here's your answer to that merge
02:44:50 question. It's coming but it's going to
02:44:51 be the funny face with the asteroid on
02:44:53 it.
02:44:54 Anyway, thank you so much KFD. I really
02:44:56 appreciate it. Thank you for the
02:44:57 donation and for the comment. Um,
02:45:01 someone is saying I should collab
02:45:03 collaborate with famous asteroid
02:45:04 YouTubers to make a series of my
02:45:06 asteroid is better. That's actually a
02:45:09 good one. I would love to do that. Uh,
02:45:10 one person that has an asteroid named
02:45:12 after her that I would love to
02:45:13 collaborate with or at least meet with
02:45:15 is Dr. Becky. She's awesome. But she's
02:45:18 in England. I'm here in in Korea. We've
02:45:20 we've briefly chatted through like
02:45:22 comments. We we don't know each other
02:45:24 very well. And uh she's awesome though.
02:45:26 Her videos are really great. Um if
02:45:29 you're not subscribed to her channel,
02:45:30 definitely definitely subscribe. Uh and
02:45:33 she has a she has a asteroid that's just
02:45:36 a little bit bigger than mine by like
02:45:38 100 meters. Uh so yeah, she's cool. And
02:45:42 also she has an legit PhD in in
02:45:44 astrophysics, which I don't.
02:45:48 Uh,
02:45:53 okay. So, any last questions before I
02:45:53 go? Because I Oh, yeah. Scott Manley.
02:45:55 Scott Manley has a bigger asteroid and
02:45:57 he's also pretty cool. But Scott Manley,
02:45:59 he is he only does YouTube as as
02:46:01 part-time
02:46:03 hobby. Literally, he he works for Apple.
02:46:06 Um, he works for Apple, so he has better
02:46:10 priorities there. He makes way more from
02:46:12 Apple than he does from uh from YouTube.
02:46:17 Uh, okay. Cool, cool, cool. So, I'm
02:46:20 looking at any last important questions
02:46:21 or comments and also possibly anything
02:46:25 about does anyone wants to know anything
02:46:26 about Ver Rubin or you missed anything?
02:46:28 Did we talk about we talked about the
02:46:32 uh galactic curves,
02:46:34 gravitational lensing?
02:46:37 Oh, they actually did they show this
02:46:39 picture? I forgot if they if they showed
02:46:41 this picture. This was one of the images
02:46:42 they released uh for the press uh press
02:46:45 uh for the media. This this is the
02:46:47 famous trifffit nebula and if you look
02:46:50 at the original image it looks nothing
02:46:52 like this. Let me show you the original.
02:46:56 Look at this. Incomparable the original
02:47:01 the new image. The original the new
02:47:04 image so much better.
02:47:07 So that's going to be the quality of
02:47:08 this new telescope. Uh,
02:47:17 okay. Oh, there's some more questions. I
02:47:17 see my name. What is my science degree?
02:47:19 Uh, my degree was in microbiology and
02:47:22 psychology of all things. Uh, and then I
02:47:25 did I did a degree in masters of science
02:47:28 education, which is why I started
02:47:29 teaching science and math. And after
02:47:32 this, I just realized academia was not
02:47:35 for me. You need to you need to be
02:47:37 really good at
02:47:39 uh academic politics to be good at
02:47:42 academia. I was just not cut out for it.
02:47:46 Do I know David Kipler from Cool Words?
02:47:48 No, I I've talked to him as well. Uh he
02:47:51 lives in in in the US and he is in at
02:47:54 Columbia University. He actually did
02:47:56 invite me to do a stream with him, but
02:47:58 it is just super difficult because of
02:48:00 the time zone differences. When he was
02:48:02 available, it was 2 a.m. for me. 2 am in
02:48:05 the morning. Um, when I was available,
02:48:08 it he it was basically night time for
02:48:09 him.
02:48:15 Okay. What exists between the Higs mass
02:48:16 and the plank mass? I could not answer
02:48:18 that. I'm sorry. I don't think there's
02:48:20 anything there. That's not a question I
02:48:22 can answer.
02:48:28 If I discovered aliens, would I tell
02:48:28 anyone? No.
02:48:30 If I discovered aliens, uh,
02:48:33 if I actually discovered evidence of
02:48:35 alien life on another planet,
02:48:38 you would probably be hearing a lot
02:48:40 about it already because I would be
02:48:43 saying how wrong I was this whole time.
02:48:46 Um,
02:48:48 all right. So, I'm going to close these
02:48:51 pictures one by one before I log off.
02:48:54 Let's see if I missed anything. Oh,
02:48:55 here. Did I talk about this? This was
02:48:57 the pictures from a few This was a
02:49:00 picture when the facility was being
02:49:01 built I think about 10 years ago.
02:49:05 And we have this beautiful image of the
02:49:08 beautiful time lapse actually of the uh
02:49:11 Vera Rubin Observatory
02:49:13 with the night sky above it. Then
02:49:16 there's the website which I will post
02:49:19 later.
02:49:20 And we have the observatory on top of
02:49:24 the mountain. It's approximately 2,800
02:49:26 meters above the surface.
02:49:30 Then we have Bar Rubin herself.
02:49:32 That's the sensor picture of the sensor.
02:49:36 It's uh this is like roughly around was
02:49:39 like 1 meter or something uh 3 ft
02:49:42 where Rubin when she was super young.
02:49:45 This is around the same time when she
02:49:46 discovered the rotation curves were
02:49:49 slightly different from what was
02:49:50 expected when basically when she
02:49:51 discovered dark matter. That's the
02:49:53 mirror of the Vera Rubin telescope. The
02:49:56 size of the mirror.
02:49:59 Picture of the observatory during
02:50:01 nighttime.
02:50:03 And
02:50:05 I think
02:50:07 that Oh, that's the first picture they
02:50:08 released. And that's the the nebula they
02:50:11 released as well. Cool. So, I think I
02:50:14 pretty much covered most of the things I
02:50:15 wanted to cover and uh answered a lot of
02:50:18 questions.
02:50:19 most of the questions. I think not all
02:50:22 questions. Um,
02:50:26 was there anything else I wanted to say
02:50:27 before I go? I'm reading super quickly.
02:50:32 Oh, fun fact. This was actually this
02:50:34 made me laugh. So, uh, this originally
02:50:37 this observatory was, um, did not
02:50:39 receive a lot of funding. It was
02:50:40 actually funded by private fund funders
02:50:44 and one of them was Bill Gates. Hey, I'm
02:50:47 sure people will love to hear that. I
02:50:49 don't really care about Bill Gates, but
02:50:50 I'm sure some people really don't like
02:50:51 him. I don't know why.
02:50:54 My chip is working fine.
02:50:57 Um,
02:50:59 and one of them was uh a billionaire
02:51:02 family by the family named Simony.
02:51:06 That's why that's why this telescope
02:51:07 sometimes is referred to as Simony.
02:51:10 Simony survey telescope. They actually
02:51:12 donated several million dollars.
02:51:16 Um,
02:51:18 okay, cool. I think I got everything
02:51:20 covered. So, I am going to slowly
02:51:26 slowly walk away from this stream.
02:51:32 Uh, and someone is asking me last
02:51:32 question about alien life. Which
02:51:34 celestial body will most likely be the
02:51:36 first to be discovered with non-earth
02:51:38 life? If we find something, anything
02:51:40 ever, it's either going to be Mars or
02:51:43 one of the ice icy moons of um Jupiter
02:51:46 or Saturn. I don't think we're going to
02:51:48 find anything else anywhere else. So,
02:51:50 we're talking about Ganymede, Europa,
02:51:52 probably Titan, but I don't think we'll
02:51:55 find anything, but we'll see.
02:51:59 Uh, okay. I think I just saw the last
02:52:02 question here. Where is it? Go to sleep.
02:52:04 People are telling me to Okay, I'm going
02:52:05 to bed uh in five seconds.
02:52:13 Three, two, one. All right. So, I think
02:52:13 I've covered everything. So, thank you
02:52:14 so much for coming and for staying with
02:52:16 me for the last what is it? Three hours.
02:52:19 I think we definitely Okay, I I'm trying
02:52:22 to promise another stream, but I can't
02:52:25 because last time I promised this, it
02:52:27 never happened. If there's an important
02:52:28 announcement from NASA, from ISSA, from
02:52:31 Science Foundation, from really anyone,
02:52:34 I'll definitely make do a stream about
02:52:35 it. However, uh because it's difficult
02:52:38 to find topics on on an actual stream
02:52:42 as this one, um I don't know if I'll be
02:52:45 able to do it in the next few months,
02:52:46 but I'll try. If there's time, I'll
02:52:47 definitely do it. Uh anyway, thank you
02:52:49 so much for coming. Thank you for all
02:52:51 the support and for great comments and
02:52:53 for being wonderful. And honestly, just,
02:52:57 you know, stay wonderful and be nice
02:53:00 because we do live through some
02:53:02 difficult times. Um, and I keep smiling.
02:53:06 There's there's a lot of stuff to look
02:53:08 up to. We'll uh so tomorrow there will
02:53:10 probably be no video, but uh I'll come
02:53:12 back with a regular schedule on Tuesday
02:53:15 or I guess your Monday maybe. Um and
02:53:18 we'll discuss a we'll be discussing new
02:53:22 discoveries about the largest comet ever
02:53:24 found. Uh it's actually a pretty
02:53:26 exciting study and that comet will
02:53:29 hopefully be imaged by this telescope
02:53:31 very soon because it is one of the
02:53:33 coolest uh objects discovered in the
02:53:35 last few years. It was discovered in
02:53:36 2021. Stay wonderful. I'll see you