*AI Summary*
*# PHASE 1: ANALYZE AND ADOPT*
*Domain Identification:* Environmental Health and Safety (EHS), Industrial Hygiene, and Occupational Toxicology.
*Persona:* Senior Industrial Hygienist & Public Health Policy Consultant.
---
### PHASE 2: SUMMARIZE
*Abstract:*
This investigative report delineates the lifecycle of asbestos from a heralded "miracle mineral" to a persistent global health crisis. It examines the material’s atomic stability—rooted in the silica tetrahedron—and its transition into a primary industrial fireproofing agent during 19th-century urbanization. The text highlights a systemic corporate cover-up spanning several decades, initiated by industry leaders who suppressed pathological evidence of asbestosis and mesothelioma to maintain market dominance. Furthermore, the analysis critiques modern regulatory failures, specifically the "1% Rule" and the inadequacy of Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) in detecting sub-micrometer fibers in environmental disasters like the World Trade Center collapse. The report concludes that asbestos remains an active threat due to naturally occurring deposits in the American Southwest and ongoing contamination in consumer talc and cosmetic products.
*Comprehensive Analysis of Asbestos: Industrial Utility, Pathology, and Regulatory Failure*
* *0:00:38 Pulmonary Impact of the 9/11 Collapse:* Pulverized microscopic asbestos fibers from the World Trade Center remained airborne for days, leading to diseases that have caused more fatalities than the initial attacks.
* *0:03:19 Chemical Architecture and Thermal Stability:* The material's fireproof nature is derived from the silica tetrahedron—a silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. The strength of these covalent bonds prevents oxidation (burning), while the structural mismatch between silicate and magnesium layers creates the characteristic fibrous "scrolls."
* *0:05:34 Urbanization and Fireproofing (1800s):* High-density wooden construction in cities like New York led to catastrophic fires. Henry Ward Johns patented asbestos-reinforced roofing in 1868, creating an industry that significantly reduced fire-related deaths by the mid-20th century.
* *0:10:57 Mineralogical Classifications:* Asbestos is categorized into two families: Serpentines (Chrysotile/white asbestos, forming curly fibers) and Amphiboles (Amosite/brown and Crocidolite/blue asbestos, forming needle-like, rigid chains). Amphiboles possess higher tensile strength and chemical resistance.
* *0:13:13 Clinical Pathology and Asbestosis:* Pathologist Dr. William Cook first described "asbestosis" in 1924 following the death of factory worker Nelly Kershaw. The pathology involves "frustrated phagocytosis," where macrophages attempt to engulf fibers but fail, releasing inflammatory chemicals that cause permanent scarring (fibrosis) and DNA damage.
* *0:17:04 Mesothelioma and the Selikoff Investigations:* Dr. Irving Selikoff established the link between asbestos and mesothelioma (cancer of the pleural lining) in the 1960s. His research demonstrated that shipyard workers suffered higher mortality rates from asbestos exposure than from WWII combat.
* *0:22:27 Corporate Concealment (The Sumner Simpson Papers):* Internal documents from 1935 revealed that industry giants (Johns-Manville and Raybestos) deliberately suppressed cancer research and instructed laboratories to remove "objectionable material" from reports to minimize public awareness.
* *0:26:24 Bankruptcy as Shield:* In 1982, Johns-Manville filed for Chapter 11 reorganization not due to insolvency, but to insulate corporate assets from a projected surge in personal injury litigation.
* *0:28:42 Contemporary Consumer Contamination:* Asbestos continues to be detected in talc-based products, including children's makeup and crayons (e.g., Claire's 2017 recalls), due to the geological co-occurrence of talc and asbestos minerals.
* *0:36:47 Analytical Methodology Failures (PLM vs. TEM):* The EPA’s post-9/11 air safety declarations relied on Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), which cannot detect fibers thinner than 0.25 micrometers. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is required to identify the smaller, highly respirable fibers prevalent in dust clouds.
* *0:41:00 Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA):* Field studies in Southern Nevada identified over 1 million acres contaminated with NOA. Off-roading activities in dry lake beds generate dust with concentrations of 30–50 million asbestos structures per gram of soil.
* *0:49:44 Regulatory Status and the 2024 Ban:* While the EPA banned Chrysotile asbestos in 2024, the ruling allows a 12-year phase-out for some industries and does not address the five other regulated asbestos types or the millions of tons already embedded in existing infrastructure.
---
### PHASE 3: REVIEW
The review of this transcript should be conducted by *Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Professionals, Environmental Litigation Attorneys, and Geologic Hazard Surveyors.*
This topic represents a convergence of mineralogy, corporate ethics, and forensic pathology. The summary highlights the critical shift from viewing asbestos as a "solved" historical error to recognizing it as an ongoing environmental management challenge. The distinction between PLM and TEM testing is of paramount importance for any practitioner involved in air quality monitoring or site remediation.
AI-generated summary created with gemini-3-flash-preview for free via RocketRecap-dot-com. (Input: 35,020 tokens, Output: 1,167 tokens, Est. cost: $0.02).
Below, I will provide input for an example video (comprising of title, description, and transcript, in this order) and the corresponding abstract and summary I expect. Afterward, I will provide a new transcript that I want a summarization in the same format.
**Please give an abstract of the transcript and then summarize the transcript in a self-contained bullet list format.** Include starting timestamps, important details and key takeaways.
Example Input:
Fluidigm Polaris Part 2- illuminator and camera
mikeselectricstuff
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Fluidigm Polaris part 1 : • Fluidigm Polaris (Part 1) - Biotech g...
Ebay listings: https://www.ebay.co.uk/usr/mikeselect...
Merch https://mikeselectricstuff.creator-sp...
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mikeselectricstuff
131K subscribers
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40 Comments
@robertwatsonbath
6 hours ago
Thanks Mike. Ooof! - with the level of bodgery going on around 15:48 I think shame would have made me do a board re spin, out of my own pocket if I had to.
1
Reply
@Muonium1
9 hours ago
The green LED looks different from the others and uses phosphor conversion because of the "green gap" problem where green InGaN emitters suffer efficiency droop at high currents. Phosphide based emitters don't start becoming efficient until around 600nm so also can't be used for high power green emitters. See the paper and plot by Matthias Auf der Maur in his 2015 paper on alloy fluctuations in InGaN as the cause of reduced external quantum efficiency at longer (green) wavelengths.
4
Reply
1 reply
@tafsirnahian669
10 hours ago (edited)
Can this be used as an astrophotography camera?
Reply
mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
6 hours ago
Yes, but may need a shutter to avoid light during readout
Reply
@2010craggy
11 hours ago
Narrowband filters we use in Astronomy (Astrophotography) are sided- they work best passing light in one direction so I guess the arrows on the filter frames indicate which way round to install them in the filter wheel.
1
Reply
@vitukz
12 hours ago
A mate with Channel @extractions&ire could use it
2
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@RobertGallop
19 hours ago
That LED module says it can go up to 28 amps!!! 21 amps for 100%. You should see what it does at 20 amps!
Reply
@Prophes0r
19 hours ago
I had an "Oh SHIT!" moment when I realized that the weird trapezoidal shape of that light guide was for keystone correction of the light source.
Very clever.
6
Reply
@OneBiOzZ
20 hours ago
given the cost of the CCD you think they could have run another PCB for it
9
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@tekvax01
21 hours ago
$20 thousand dollars per minute of run time!
1
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@tekvax01
22 hours ago
"We spared no expense!" John Hammond Jurassic Park.
*(that's why this thing costs the same as a 50-seat Greyhound Bus coach!)
Reply
@florianf4257
22 hours ago
The smearing on the image could be due to the fact that you don't use a shutter, so you see brighter stripes under bright areas of the image as you still iluminate these pixels while the sensor data ist shifted out towards the top. I experienced this effect back at university with a LN-Cooled CCD for Spectroscopy. The stripes disapeared as soon as you used the shutter instead of disabling it in the open position (but fokussing at 100ms integration time and continuous readout with a focal plane shutter isn't much fun).
12
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mikeselectricstuff
·
1 reply
@mikeselectricstuff
12 hours ago
I didn't think of that, but makes sense
2
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@douro20
22 hours ago (edited)
The red LED reminds me of one from Roithner Lasertechnik. I have a Symbol 2D scanner which uses two very bright LEDs from that company, one red and one red-orange. The red-orange is behind a lens which focuses it into an extremely narrow beam.
1
Reply
@RicoElectrico
23 hours ago
PFG is Pulse Flush Gate according to the datasheet.
Reply
@dcallan812
23 hours ago
Very interesting. 2x
Reply
@littleboot_
1 day ago
Cool interesting device
Reply
@dav1dbone
1 day ago
I've stripped large projectors, looks similar, wonder if some of those castings are a magnesium alloy?
Reply
@kevywevvy8833
1 day ago
ironic that some of those Phlatlight modules are used in some of the cheapest disco lights.
1
Reply
1 reply
@bill6255
1 day ago
Great vid - gets right into subject in title, its packed with information, wraps up quickly. Should get a YT award! imho
3
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@JAKOB1977
1 day ago (edited)
The whole sensor module incl. a 5 grand 50mpix sensor for 49 £.. highest bid atm
Though also a limited CCD sensor, but for the right buyer its a steal at these relative low sums.
Architecture Full Frame CCD (Square Pixels)
Total Number of Pixels 8304 (H) × 6220 (V) = 51.6 Mp
Number of Effective Pixels 8208 (H) × 6164 (V) = 50.5 Mp
Number of Active Pixels 8176 (H) × 6132 (V) = 50.1 Mp
Pixel Size 6.0 m (H) × 6.0 m (V)
Active Image Size 49.1 mm (H) × 36.8 mm (V)
61.3 mm (Diagonal),
645 1.1x Optical Format
Aspect Ratio 4:3
Horizontal Outputs 4
Saturation Signal 40.3 ke−
Output Sensitivity 31 V/e−
Quantum Efficiency
KAF−50100−CAA
KAF−50100−AAA
KAF−50100−ABA (with Lens)
22%, 22%, 16% (Peak R, G, B)
25%
62%
Read Noise (f = 18 MHz) 12.5 e−
Dark Signal (T = 60°C) 42 pA/cm2
Dark Current Doubling Temperature 5.7°C
Dynamic Range (f = 18 MHz) 70.2 dB
Estimated Linear Dynamic Range
(f = 18 MHz)
69.3 dB
Charge Transfer Efficiency
Horizontal
Vertical
0.999995
0.999999
Blooming Protection
(4 ms Exposure Time)
800X Saturation Exposure
Maximum Date Rate 18 MHz
Package Ceramic PGA
Cover Glass MAR Coated, 2 Sides or
Clear Glass
Features
• TRUESENSE Transparent Gate Electrode
for High Sensitivity
• Ultra-High Resolution
• Board Dynamic Range
• Low Noise Architecture
• Large Active Imaging Area
Applications
• Digitization
• Mapping/Aerial
• Photography
• Scientific
Thx for the tear down Mike, always a joy
Reply
@martinalooksatthings
1 day ago
15:49 that is some great bodging on of caps, they really didn't want to respin that PCB huh
8
Reply
@RhythmGamer
1 day ago
Was depressed today and then a new mike video dropped and now I’m genuinely happy to get my tear down fix
1
Reply
@dine9093
1 day ago (edited)
Did you transfrom into Mr Blobby for a moment there?
2
Reply
@NickNorton
1 day ago
Thanks Mike. Your videos are always interesting.
5
Reply
@KeritechElectronics
1 day ago
Heavy optics indeed... Spare no expense, cost no object. Splendid build quality. The CCD is a thing of beauty!
1
Reply
@YSoreil
1 day ago
The pricing on that sensor is about right, I looked in to these many years ago when they were still in production since it's the only large sensor you could actually buy. Really cool to see one in the wild.
2
Reply
@snik2pl
1 day ago
That leds look like from led projector
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
TDI = Time Domain Integration ?
1
Reply
@wolpumba4099
1 day ago (edited)
Maybe the camera should not be illuminated during readout.
From the datasheet of the sensor (Onsemi): saturation 40300 electrons, read noise 12.5 electrons per pixel @ 18MHz (quite bad). quantum efficiency 62% (if it has micro lenses), frame rate 1 Hz. lateral overflow drain to prevent blooming protects against 800x (factor increases linearly with exposure time) saturation exposure (32e6 electrons per pixel at 4ms exposure time), microlens has +/- 20 degree acceptance angle
i guess it would be good for astrophotography
4
Reply
@txm100
1 day ago (edited)
Babe wake up a new mikeselectricstuff has dropped!
9
Reply
@vincei4252
1 day ago
That looks like a finger-lakes filter wheel, however, for astronomy they'd never use such a large stepper.
1
Reply
@MRooodddvvv
1 day ago
yaaaaay ! more overcomplicated optical stuff !
4
Reply
1 reply
@NoPegs
1 day ago
He lives!
11
Reply
1 reply
Transcript
0:00
so I've stripped all the bits of the
0:01
optical system so basically we've got
0:03
the uh the camera
0:05
itself which is mounted on this uh very
0:09
complex
0:10
adjustment thing which obviously to set
0:13
you the various tilt and uh alignment
0:15
stuff then there's two of these massive
0:18
lenses I've taken one of these apart I
0:20
think there's something like about eight
0:22
or nine Optical elements in here these
0:25
don't seem to do a great deal in terms
0:26
of electr magnification they're obiously
0:28
just about getting the image to where it
0:29
uh where it needs to be just so that
0:33
goes like that then this Optical block I
0:36
originally thought this was made of some
0:37
s crazy heavy material but it's just
0:39
really the sum of all these Optical bits
0:41
are just ridiculously heavy those lenses
0:43
are about 4 kilos each and then there's
0:45
this very heavy very solid um piece that
0:47
goes in the middle and this is so this
0:49
is the filter wheel assembly with a
0:51
hilariously oversized steper
0:53
motor driving this wheel with these very
0:57
large narrow band filters so we've got
1:00
various different shades of uh
1:03
filters there five Al together that
1:06
one's actually just showing up a silver
1:07
that's actually a a red but fairly low
1:10
transmission orangey red blue green
1:15
there's an excess cover on this side so
1:16
the filters can be accessed and changed
1:19
without taking anything else apart even
1:21
this is like ridiculous it's like solid
1:23
aluminium this is just basically a cover
1:25
the actual wavelengths of these are um
1:27
488 525 570 630 and 700 NM not sure what
1:32
the suffix on that perhaps that's the uh
1:34
the width of the spectral line say these
1:37
are very narrow band filters most of
1:39
them are you very little light through
1:41
so it's still very tight narrow band to
1:43
match the um fluoresence of the dies
1:45
they're using in the biochemical process
1:48
and obviously to reject the light that's
1:49
being fired at it from that Illuminator
1:51
box and then there's a there's a second
1:53
one of these lenses then the actual sort
1:55
of samples below that so uh very serious
1:58
amount of very uh chunky heavy Optics
2:01
okay let's take a look at this light
2:02
source made by company Lumen Dynamics
2:04
who are now part of
2:06
excelitas self-contained unit power
2:08
connector USB and this which one of the
2:11
Cable Bundle said was a TTL interface
2:14
USB wasn't used in uh the fluid
2:17
application output here and I think this
2:19
is an input for um light feedback I
2:21
don't if it's regulated or just a measur
2:23
measurement facility and the uh fiber
2:27
assembly
2:29
Square Inlet there and then there's two
2:32
outputs which have uh lens assemblies
2:35
and this small one which goes back into
2:37
that small Port just Loops out of here
2:40
straight back in So on this side we've
2:42
got the electronics which look pretty
2:44
straightforward we've got a bit of power
2:45
supply stuff over here and we've got
2:48
separate drivers for each wavelength now
2:50
interesting this is clearly been very
2:52
specifically made for this application
2:54
you I was half expecting like say some
2:56
generic drivers that could be used for a
2:58
number of different things but actually
3:00
literally specified the exact wavelength
3:02
on the PCB there is provision here for
3:04
385 NM which isn't populated but this is
3:07
clearly been designed very specifically
3:09
so these four drivers look the same but
3:10
then there's two higher power ones for
3:12
575 and
3:14
520 a slightly bigger heat sink on this
3:16
575 section there a p 24 which is
3:20
providing USB interface USB isolator the
3:23
USB interface just presents as a comport
3:26
I did have a quick look but I didn't
3:27
actually get anything sensible um I did
3:29
dump the Pi code out and there's a few
3:31
you a few sort of commands that you
3:32
could see in text but I didn't actually
3:34
manage to get it working properly I
3:36
found some software for related version
3:38
but it didn't seem to want to talk to it
3:39
but um I say that wasn't used for the
3:41
original application it might be quite
3:42
interesting to get try and get the Run
3:44
hours count out of it and the TTL
3:46
interface looks fairly straightforward
3:48
we've got positions for six opto
3:50
isolators but only five five are
3:52
installed so that corresponds with the
3:54
unused thing so I think this hopefully
3:56
should be as simple as just providing a
3:57
ttrl signal for each color to uh enable
4:00
it a big heat sink here which is there I
4:03
think there's like a big S of metal
4:04
plate through the middle of this that
4:05
all the leads are mounted on the other
4:07
side so this is heat sinking it with a
4:09
air flow from a uh just a fan in here
4:13
obviously don't have the air flow
4:14
anywhere near the Optics so conduction
4:17
cool through to this plate that's then
4:18
uh air cooled got some pots which are
4:21
presumably power
4:22
adjustments okay let's take a look at
4:24
the other side which is uh much more
4:27
interesting see we've got some uh very
4:31
uh neatly Twisted cable assemblies there
4:35
a bunch of leads so we've got one here
4:37
475 up here 430 NM 630 575 and 520
4:44
filters and dcro mirrors a quick way to
4:48
see what's white is if we just shine
4:49
some white light through
4:51
here not sure how it is is to see on the
4:54
camera but shining white light we do
4:55
actually get a bit of red a bit of blue
4:57
some yellow here so the obstacle path
5:00
575 it goes sort of here bounces off
5:03
this mirror and goes out the 520 goes
5:07
sort of down here across here and up
5:09
there 630 goes basically straight
5:13
through
5:15
430 goes across there down there along
5:17
there and the 475 goes down here and
5:20
left this is the light sensing thing
5:22
think here there's just a um I think
5:24
there a photo diode or other sensor
5:26
haven't actually taken that off and
5:28
everything's fixed down to this chunk of
5:31
aluminium which acts as the heat
5:32
spreader that then conducts the heat to
5:33
the back side for the heat
5:35
sink and the actual lead packages all
5:38
look fairly similar except for this one
5:41
on the 575 which looks quite a bit more
5:44
substantial big spay
5:46
Terminals and the interface for this
5:48
turned out to be extremely simple it's
5:50
literally a 5V TTL level to enable each
5:54
color doesn't seem to be any tensity
5:56
control but there are some additional
5:58
pins on that connector that weren't used
5:59
in the through time thing so maybe
6:01
there's some extra lines that control
6:02
that I couldn't find any data on this uh
6:05
unit and the um their current product
6:07
range is quite significantly different
6:09
so we've got the uh blue these
6:13
might may well be saturating the camera
6:16
so they might look a bit weird so that's
6:17
the 430
6:18
blue the 575
6:24
yellow uh
6:26
475 light blue
6:29
the uh 520
6:31
green and the uh 630 red now one
6:36
interesting thing I noticed for the
6:39
575 it's actually it's actually using a
6:42
white lead and then filtering it rather
6:44
than using all the other ones are using
6:46
leads which are the fundamental colors
6:47
but uh this is actually doing white and
6:50
it's a combination of this filter and
6:52
the dichroic mirrors that are turning to
6:55
Yellow if we take the filter out and a
6:57
lot of the a lot of the um blue content
7:00
is going this way the red is going
7:02
straight through these two mirrors so
7:05
this is clearly not reflecting much of
7:08
that so we end up with the yellow coming
7:10
out of uh out of there which is a fairly
7:14
light yellow color which you don't
7:16
really see from high intensity leads so
7:19
that's clearly why they've used the
7:20
white to uh do this power consumption of
7:23
the white is pretty high so going up to
7:25
about 2 and 1 half amps on that color
7:27
whereas most of the other colors are
7:28
only drawing half an amp or so at 24
7:30
volts the uh the green is up to about
7:32
1.2 but say this thing is uh much
7:35
brighter and if you actually run all the
7:38
colors at the same time you get a fairly
7:41
reasonable um looking white coming out
7:43
of it and one thing you might just be
7:45
out to notice is there is some sort
7:46
color banding around here that's not
7:49
getting uh everything s completely
7:51
concentric and I think that's where this
7:53
fiber optic thing comes
7:58
in I'll
8:00
get a couple of Fairly accurately shaped
8:04
very sort of uniform color and looking
8:06
at What's um inside here we've basically
8:09
just got this Square Rod so this is
8:12
clearly yeah the lights just bouncing
8:13
off all the all the various sides to um
8:16
get a nice uniform illumination uh this
8:19
back bit looks like it's all potted so
8:21
nothing I really do to get in there I
8:24
think this is fiber so I have come
8:26
across um cables like this which are
8:27
liquid fill but just looking through the
8:30
end of this it's probably a bit hard to
8:31
see it does look like there fiber ends
8:34
going going on there and so there's this
8:36
feedback thing which is just obviously
8:39
compensating for the any light losses
8:41
through here to get an accurate
8:43
representation of uh the light that's
8:45
been launched out of these two
8:47
fibers and you see uh
8:49
these have got this sort of trapezium
8:54
shape light guides again it's like a
8:56
sort of acrylic or glass light guide
9:00
guess projected just to make the right
9:03
rectangular
9:04
shape and look at this Center assembly
9:07
um the light output doesn't uh change
9:10
whether you feed this in or not so it's
9:11
clear not doing any internal Clos Loop
9:14
control obviously there may well be some
9:16
facility for it to do that but it's not
9:17
being used in this
9:19
application and so this output just
9:21
produces a voltage on the uh outle
9:24
connector proportional to the amount of
9:26
light that's present so there's a little
9:28
diffuser in the back there
9:30
and then there's just some kind of uh
9:33
Optical sensor looks like a
9:35
chip looking at the lead it's a very
9:37
small package on the PCB with this lens
9:40
assembly over the top and these look
9:43
like they're actually on a copper
9:44
Metalized PCB for maximum thermal
9:47
performance and yeah it's a very small
9:49
package looks like it's a ceramic
9:51
package and there's a thermister there
9:53
for temperature monitoring this is the
9:56
475 blue one this is the 520 need to
9:59
Green which is uh rather different OB
10:02
it's a much bigger D with lots of bond
10:04
wise but also this looks like it's using
10:05
a phosphor if I shine a blue light at it
10:08
lights up green so this is actually a
10:10
phosphor conversion green lead which
10:12
I've I've come across before they want
10:15
that specific wavelength so they may be
10:17
easier to tune a phosphor than tune the
10:20
um semiconductor material to get the uh
10:23
right right wavelength from the lead
10:24
directly uh red 630 similar size to the
10:28
blue one or does seem to have a uh a
10:31
lens on top of it there is a sort of red
10:33
coloring to
10:35
the die but that doesn't appear to be
10:38
fluorescent as far as I can
10:39
tell and the white one again a little
10:41
bit different sort of much higher
10:43
current
10:46
connectors a makeer name on that
10:48
connector flot light not sure if that's
10:52
the connector or the lead
10:54
itself and obviously with the phosphor
10:56
and I'd imagine that phosphor may well
10:58
be tuned to get the maximum to the uh 5
11:01
cenm and actually this white one looks
11:04
like a St fairly standard product I just
11:06
found it in Mouse made by luminous
11:09
devices in fact actually I think all
11:11
these are based on various luminous
11:13
devices modules and they're you take
11:17
looks like they taking the nearest
11:18
wavelength and then just using these
11:19
filters to clean it up to get a precise
11:22
uh spectral line out of it so quite a
11:25
nice neat and um extreme
11:30
bright light source uh sure I've got any
11:33
particular use for it so I think this
11:35
might end up on
11:36
eBay but uh very pretty to look out and
11:40
without the uh risk of burning your eyes
11:43
out like you do with lasers so I thought
11:45
it would be interesting to try and
11:46
figure out the runtime of this things
11:48
like this we usually keep some sort
11:49
record of runtime cuz leads degrade over
11:51
time I couldn't get any software to work
11:52
through the USB face but then had a
11:54
thought probably going to be writing the
11:55
runtime periodically to the e s prom so
11:58
I just just scope up that and noticed it
12:00
was doing right every 5 minutes so I
12:02
just ran it for a while periodically
12:04
reading the E squ I just held the pick
12:05
in in reset and um put clip over to read
12:07
the square prom and found it was writing
12:10
one location per color every 5 minutes
12:12
so if one color was on it would write
12:14
that location every 5 minutes and just
12:16
increment it by one so after doing a few
12:18
tests with different colors of different
12:19
time periods it looked extremely
12:21
straightforward it's like a four bite
12:22
count for each color looking at the
12:24
original data that was in it all the
12:26
colors apart from Green were reading
12:28
zero and the green was reading four
12:30
indicating a total 20 minutes run time
12:32
ever if it was turned on run for a short
12:34
time then turned off that might not have
12:36
been counted but even so indicates this
12:37
thing wasn't used a great deal the whole
12:40
s process of doing a run can be several
12:42
hours but it'll only be doing probably
12:43
the Imaging at the end of that so you
12:46
wouldn't expect to be running for a long
12:47
time but say a single color for 20
12:50
minutes over its whole lifetime does
12:52
seem a little bit on the low side okay
12:55
let's look at the camera un fortunately
12:57
I managed to not record any sound when I
12:58
did this it's also a couple of months
13:00
ago so there's going to be a few details
13:02
that I've forgotten so I'm just going to
13:04
dub this over the original footage so um
13:07
take the lid off see this massive great
13:10
heat sink so this is a pel cool camera
13:12
we've got this blower fan producing a
13:14
fair amount of air flow through
13:16
it the connector here there's the ccds
13:19
mounted on the board on the
13:24
right this unplugs so we've got a bit of
13:27
power supply stuff on here
13:29
USB interface I think that's the Cyprus
13:32
microcontroller High speeded USB
13:34
interface there's a zyink spon fpga some
13:40
RAM and there's a couple of ATD
13:42
converters can't quite read what those
13:45
those are but anal
13:47
devices um little bit of bodgery around
13:51
here extra decoupling obviously they
13:53
have having some noise issues this is
13:55
around the ram chip quite a lot of extra
13:57
capacitors been added there
13:59
uh there's a couple of amplifiers prior
14:01
to the HD converter buffers or Andor
14:05
amplifiers taking the CCD
14:08
signal um bit more power spy stuff here
14:11
this is probably all to do with
14:12
generating the various CCD bias voltages
14:14
they uh need quite a lot of exotic
14:18
voltages next board down is just a
14:20
shield and an interconnect
14:24
boardly shielding the power supply stuff
14:26
from some the more sensitive an log
14:28
stuff
14:31
and this is the bottom board which is
14:32
just all power supply
14:34
stuff as you can see tons of capacitors
14:37
or Transformer in
14:42
there and this is the CCD which is a uh
14:47
very impressive thing this is a kf50 100
14:50
originally by true sense then codec
14:53
there ON
14:54
Semiconductor it's 50 megapixels uh the
14:58
only price I could find was this one
15:00
5,000 bucks and the architecture you can
15:03
see there actually two separate halves
15:04
which explains the Dual AZ converters
15:06
and two amplifiers it's literally split
15:08
down the middle and duplicated so it's
15:10
outputting two streams in parallel just
15:13
to keep the bandwidth sensible and it's
15:15
got this amazing um diffraction effects
15:18
it's got micro lenses over the pixel so
15:20
there's there's a bit more Optics going
15:22
on than on a normal
15:25
sensor few more bodges on the CCD board
15:28
including this wire which isn't really
15:29
tacked down very well which is a bit uh
15:32
bit of a mess quite a few bits around
15:34
this board where they've uh tacked
15:36
various bits on which is not super
15:38
impressive looks like CCD drivers on the
15:40
left with those 3 ohm um damping
15:43
resistors on the
15:47
output get a few more little bodges
15:50
around here some of
15:52
the and there's this separator the
15:54
silica gel to keep the moisture down but
15:56
there's this separator that actually
15:58
appears to be cut from piece of
15:59
antistatic
16:04
bag and this sort of thermal block on
16:06
top of this stack of three pel Cola
16:12
modules so as with any Stacks they get
16:16
um larger as they go back towards the
16:18
heat sink because each P's got to not
16:20
only take the heat from the previous but
16:21
also the waste heat which is quite
16:27
significant you see a little temperature
16:29
sensor here that copper block which
16:32
makes contact with the back of the
16:37
CCD and this's the back of the
16:40
pelas this then contacts the heat sink
16:44
on the uh rear there a few thermal pads
16:46
as well for some of the other power
16:47
components on this
16:51
PCB okay I've connected this uh camera
16:54
up I found some drivers on the disc that
16:56
seem to work under Windows 7 couldn't
16:58
get to install under Windows 11 though
17:01
um in the absence of any sort of lens or
17:03
being bothered to the proper amount I've
17:04
just put some f over it and put a little
17:06
pin in there to make a pinhole lens and
17:08
software gives a few options I'm not
17:11
entirely sure what all these are there's
17:12
obviously a clock frequency 22 MHz low
17:15
gain and with PFG no idea what that is
17:19
something something game programmable
17:20
Something game perhaps ver exposure
17:23
types I think focus is just like a
17:25
continuous grab until you tell it to
17:27
stop not entirely sure all these options
17:30
are obviously exposure time uh triggers
17:33
there ex external hardware trigger inut
17:35
you just trigger using a um thing on
17:37
screen so the resolution is 8176 by
17:40
6132 and you can actually bin those
17:42
where you combine multiple pixels to get
17:46
increased gain at the expense of lower
17:48
resolution down this is a 10sec exposure
17:51
obviously of the pin hole it's very uh
17:53
intensitive so we just stand still now
17:56
downloading it there's the uh exposure
17:59
so when it's
18:01
um there's a little status thing down
18:03
here so that tells you the um exposure
18:07
[Applause]
18:09
time it's this is just it
18:15
downloading um it is quite I'm seeing
18:18
quite a lot like smearing I think that I
18:20
don't know whether that's just due to
18:21
pixels overloading or something else I
18:24
mean yeah it's not it's not um out of
18:26
the question that there's something not
18:27
totally right about this camera
18:28
certainly was bodge wise on there um I
18:31
don't I'd imagine a camera like this
18:32
it's got a fairly narrow range of
18:34
intensities that it's happy with I'm not
18:36
going to spend a great deal of time on
18:38
this if you're interested in this camera
18:40
maybe for astronomy or something and
18:42
happy to sort of take the risk of it may
18:44
not be uh perfect I'll um I think I'll
18:47
stick this on eBay along with the
18:48
Illuminator I'll put a link down in the
18:50
description to the listing take your
18:52
chances to grab a bargain so for example
18:54
here we see this vertical streaking so
18:56
I'm not sure how normal that is this is
18:58
on fairly bright scene looking out the
19:02
window if I cut the exposure time down
19:04
on that it's now 1 second
19:07
exposure again most of the image
19:09
disappears again this is looks like it's
19:11
possibly over still overloading here go
19:14
that go down to say say quarter a
19:16
second so again I think there might be
19:19
some Auto gain control going on here um
19:21
this is with the PFG option let's try
19:23
turning that off and see what
19:25
happens so I'm not sure this is actually
19:27
more streaking or which just it's
19:29
cranked up the gain all the dis display
19:31
gray scale to show what um you know the
19:33
range of things that it's captured
19:36
there's one of one of 12 things in the
19:38
software there's um you can see of you
19:40
can't seem to read out the temperature
19:42
of the pelta cooler but you can set the
19:44
temperature and if you said it's a
19:46
different temperature you see the power
19:48
consumption jump up running the cooler
19:50
to get the temperature you requested but
19:52
I can't see anything anywhere that tells
19:54
you whether the cool is at the at the
19:56
temperature other than the power
19:57
consumption going down and there's no
19:59
temperature read out
20:03
here and just some yeah this is just
20:05
sort of very basic software I'm sure
20:07
there's like an API for more
20:09
sophisticated
20:10
applications but so if you know anything
20:12
more about these cameras please um stick
20:14
in the
20:15
comments um incidentally when I was
20:18
editing I didn't notice there was a bent
20:19
pin on the um CCD but I did fix that
20:22
before doing these tests and also
20:24
reactivated the um silica gel desicant
20:26
cuz I noticed it was uh I was getting
20:28
bit of condensation on the window but um
20:31
yeah so a couple of uh interesting but
20:34
maybe not particularly uh useful pieces
20:37
of Kit except for someone that's got a
20:38
very specific use so um I'll stick a
20:42
I'll stick these on eBay put a link in
20:44
the description and say hopefully
20:45
someone could actually make some uh good
20:47
use of these things
Example Output:
**Abstract:**
This video presents Part 2 of a teardown focusing on the optical components of a Fluidigm Polaris biotechnology instrument, specifically the multi-wavelength illuminator and the high-resolution CCD camera.
The Lumen Dynamics illuminator unit is examined in detail, revealing its construction using multiple high-power LEDs (430nm, 475nm, 520nm, 575nm, 630nm) combined via dichroic mirrors and filters. A square fiber optic rod is used to homogenize the light. A notable finding is the use of a phosphor-converted white LED filtered to achieve the 575nm output. The unit features simple TTL activation for each color, conduction cooling, and internal homogenization optics. Analysis of its EEPROM suggests extremely low operational runtime.
The camera module teardown showcases a 50 Megapixel ON Semiconductor KAF-50100 CCD sensor with micro-lenses, cooled by a multi-stage Peltier stack. The control electronics include an FPGA and a USB interface. Significant post-manufacturing modifications ("bodges") are observed on the camera's circuit boards. Basic functional testing using vendor software and a pinhole lens confirms image capture but reveals prominent vertical streaking artifacts, the cause of which remains uncertain (potential overload, readout artifact, or fault).
**Exploring the Fluidigm Polaris: A Detailed Look at its High-End Optics and Camera System**
* **0:00 High-End Optics:** The system utilizes heavy, high-quality lenses and mirrors for precise imaging, weighing around 4 kilos each.
* **0:49 Narrow Band Filters:** A filter wheel with five narrow band filters (488, 525, 570, 630, and 700 nm) ensures accurate fluorescence detection and rejection of excitation light.
* **2:01 Customizable Illumination:** The Lumen Dynamics light source offers five individually controllable LED wavelengths (430, 475, 520, 575, 630 nm) with varying power outputs. The 575nm yellow LED is uniquely achieved using a white LED with filtering.
* **3:45 TTL Control:** The light source is controlled via a simple TTL interface, enabling easy on/off switching for each LED color.
* **12:55 Sophisticated Camera:** The system includes a 50-megapixel Kodak KAI-50100 CCD camera with a Peltier cooling system for reduced noise.
* **14:54 High-Speed Data Transfer:** The camera features dual analog-to-digital converters to manage the high data throughput of the 50-megapixel sensor, which is effectively two 25-megapixel sensors operating in parallel.
* **18:11 Possible Issues:** The video creator noted some potential issues with the camera, including image smearing.
* **18:11 Limited Dynamic Range:** The camera's sensor has a limited dynamic range, making it potentially challenging to capture scenes with a wide range of brightness levels.
* **11:45 Low Runtime:** Internal data suggests the system has seen minimal usage, with only 20 minutes of recorded runtime for the green LED.
* **20:38 Availability on eBay:** Both the illuminator and camera are expected to be listed for sale on eBay.
Here is the real transcript. What would be a good group of people to review this topic? Please summarize provide a summary like they would:
00:00:19 They're just everywhere.
00:00:19 >> Wa. This is really blue. You should
00:00:22 come. Like this is so blue.
00:00:24 >> Look at how many you're finding.
00:00:26 I feel like Gollum.
00:00:30 >> If it weren't so dangerous, it'd be a
00:00:32 fun activity to do.
00:00:33 >> These are the big So, what about all the
00:00:35 particles you can't see?
00:00:38 >> This same kind of material was used in
00:00:40 the construction of the World Trade
00:00:41 Center buildings. And when the towers
00:00:43 fell, it was pulverized to microscopic
00:00:45 size and released into the air. The
00:00:49 particles remained airborne for days,
00:00:50 and thousands of people unknowingly
00:00:53 breathed them in. They buried themselves
00:00:55 deep within people's lungs, wreaking
00:00:57 havoc and causing all sorts of diseases.
00:01:01 >> We've known for decades that these
00:01:02 particles are extremely dangerous. But
00:01:05 when the towers fell, no one was warned.
00:01:09 >> The concentrations are such that they
00:01:11 don't pose a health hazard.
00:01:14 >> And yet today, the diseases linked to
00:01:16 that dust have killed more than twice as
00:01:18 many people as the attacks themselves.
00:01:21 Once we started looking,
00:01:24 we kept finding this material in places
00:01:26 we never expected.
00:01:28 >> He was telling the newspapers, "People
00:01:30 aren't just eating it and breathing it.
00:01:31 They're mainlining it."
00:01:32 >> In popular off-roading spots, in makeup,
00:01:35 and even kids toys,
00:01:37 >> say it ain't so. Mickey Mouse crayons.
00:01:39 >> No. It's been detected in the dust
00:01:42 around schools and homes.
00:01:44 >> Five generations of people died up
00:01:45 there.
00:01:46 >> And instead of banning it outright, we
00:01:48 let it spread.
00:01:54 Some countries are still importing
00:01:54 hundreds of thousands of tons each year,
00:01:56 and it's estimated that by 2035, nearly
00:01:59 2.8 million people might die because of
00:02:01 it.
00:02:08 This is a video about a deadly miracle
00:02:08 material we can't stop using.
00:02:11 This investigation is based on publicly
00:02:13 available documents, recordings, and
00:02:15 third party sources. All of our links
00:02:17 are in the description. Thank you to
00:02:19 Ground News for sponsoring this video.
00:02:21 More about them later.
00:02:24 There is this story about the ancient
00:02:26 Greeks from around the 2nd century AD.
00:02:29 They had this golden lantern that would
00:02:31 burn for a whole year without going out.
00:02:34 All because of a very special wick that
00:02:36 just wouldn't burn down. So, how did
00:02:38 they develop this technology? Well, the
00:02:41 truth is they didn't. They've found it.
00:02:45 Imagine you're walking around 2,000
00:02:47 years ago and you see this fluffy
00:02:50 looking stuff poking out the ground.
00:02:51 It's got all of these fibers that you
00:02:53 can pull apart and twist into shapes.
00:03:03 First off, let's get a nice bundle. So,
00:03:03 it looks like cotton. Uh,
00:03:04 >> it looks like it would burn really well.
00:03:06 Like it would just
00:03:07 >> Yeah, you can start a fire with it,
00:03:08 right? All right.
00:03:10 >> Okay, let's see what happens.
00:03:13 It's not burning. That's because this is
00:03:16 actually a rock. It's a naturally
00:03:17 occurring mineral.
00:03:19 The core building block is simple. It's
00:03:21 a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen
00:03:24 atoms. Now, silicon has four electrons
00:03:27 in its outer shell, but it really wants
00:03:29 eight. So, each of the oxygen shares one
00:03:32 electron with it, but oxygen doesn't
00:03:34 share evenly. Since it's more
00:03:36 electrogative than silicon, it pulls
00:03:38 those shared electrons closer to itself.
00:03:41 This leaves the oxygen side slightly
00:03:43 negative and the silicon side slightly
00:03:45 positive. Now there's an electrostatic
00:03:48 attraction between these atoms which
00:03:49 pulls the atoms closer together and
00:03:51 strengthens this bond. The result is an
00:03:54 incredibly stable pyramid-shaped unit
00:03:56 called a silica tetrahedrin. But if you
00:03:59 look at the oxygens in these corner
00:04:01 spots, they've only shared one electron,
00:04:03 but they actually want two to complete
00:04:05 their outer shells. So the corners link
00:04:08 up with other silicon atoms to form more
00:04:10 tetrahedra. And in this way, the
00:04:12 structure just keeps growing.
00:04:15 The bonds inside here are incredibly
00:04:17 strong and stable. And because the atoms
00:04:19 are already tightly bound to the oxygen
00:04:21 inside the silicate structure, the
00:04:23 oxygen in the air has nothing to react
00:04:25 with. So the material doesn't burn.
00:04:29 But overall, there's nothing special
00:04:31 about these building blocks. More than
00:04:32 90% of the Earth's minerals are made
00:04:34 from this stuff. everything from quartz
00:04:36 to clay. What makes this material
00:04:40 special is how those units link up. Here
00:04:43 the tetrahedra have formed a sheet and
00:04:45 bonded to it there is actually a second
00:04:47 sheet made of magnesium atoms and
00:04:49 hydroxal groups which are just an oxygen
00:04:51 and a hydrogen stuck together. Now the
00:04:54 atomic spacings of these two layers are
00:04:56 slightly different. So there's a tiny
00:04:58 mismatch which causes tension between
00:05:00 these layers causing them to curl up and
00:05:03 you end up with these tiny scroll-like
00:05:05 tubes. These tubes don't break down
00:05:07 easily under heat. The structure stays
00:05:09 stable up to around 600° C.
00:05:12 >> So like all these individual fibers that
00:05:14 you see running through here, those are
00:05:15 all like these scrolls more.
00:05:17 >> What is that? What was that bend?
00:05:19 >> That's just a place where I twisted the
00:05:21 fiber with my tweezers. Ah,
00:05:23 >> okay. And when you twist these fibers,
00:05:25 they actually don't break. So it's
00:05:28 literally a rock you can weave.
00:05:34 And when you do, the fibers form a
00:05:34 tangled layered structure. So if heat is
00:05:37 introduced, it has to pass from fiber to
00:05:39 fiber across many contact points with
00:05:41 air filling the spaces between them.
00:05:43 This reduces how quickly heat can spread
00:05:46 through the material. Because of that,
00:05:48 people started weaving it into things
00:05:49 like theater curtains and insulation
00:05:51 blankets for steam engines. even
00:05:53 fireproof clothing, essentially anywhere
00:05:55 they didn't want something to catch
00:05:57 fire. But by far the most important use
00:06:00 came around in the 1800s. Between 1790
00:06:03 and 1870, the number of people living in
00:06:06 urban areas in America jumped from 1 in
00:06:09 20 to around 1 in4. So to accommodate
00:06:12 this, people had to tack on extra floors
00:06:14 onto existing buildings and courtyards
00:06:16 would then be filled with makeshift
00:06:18 extensions, effectively tightly packing
00:06:20 all of these buildings together. Pretty
00:06:22 much all these buildings were made out
00:06:24 of wood, but the people inside still
00:06:27 cooked with open flames. They used gas
00:06:29 lamps. They lit candles. So, one
00:06:31 accident and an entire neighborhood
00:06:33 could go up in flames. That reality hit
00:06:36 New York City in December 1835
00:06:39 when within a span of just 2 days, three
00:06:42 separate fires erupted in Manhattan.
00:06:45 One bystander described what followed as
00:06:47 an ocean of fire with roaring, rolling,
00:06:50 burning waves.
00:06:53 By the end, a third of a mile of
00:06:55 Manhattan was engulfed, destroying
00:06:57 nearly 700 buildings at a cost of $20
00:07:00 million. That's over $730 million of
00:07:03 today's money. Similar catastrophes were
00:07:06 happening in cities all over the world.
00:07:09 Chicago, London, Hamburg, Tokyo. When
00:07:12 will this appalling rate of destruction
00:07:14 come to an end?
00:07:19 >> The problem was that when a building
00:07:19 burned, it spewed up embers into the
00:07:22 air. These then got carried by the wind
00:07:24 and landed onto other roofs, setting
00:07:26 them alike.
00:07:32 So, 23 years after the Great Fire of New
00:07:32 York, a 21-year-old named Henry Ward
00:07:35 John's set out to break that chain
00:07:37 reaction by making roofs fireproof. But
00:07:40 that's trickier than it sounds. Whatever
00:07:42 his solution was, it had to be usable
00:07:44 across an entire city. So cheap and easy
00:07:46 enough to massproduce, durable enough to
00:07:49 sit exposed on rooftops, baking in the
00:07:51 summer sun, freezing in the winter, and
00:07:53 most importantly, it was not allowed to
00:07:55 ignite even when exposed to burning
00:07:57 embers.
00:08:00 Now, John's knew of a mineral that was
00:08:02 already being spun into fireproof
00:08:03 fabric, but only the long fibers were
00:08:06 useful for thread. The shorter ones were
00:08:08 actually swept aside his waist. John's
00:08:10 realized those scraps were exactly what
00:08:13 he needed. Fireproof, tough, and most
00:08:15 importantly, cheap. So, he set up a
00:08:18 makeshift lap in his basement apartment
00:08:19 and started experimenting. He heated up
00:08:22 tar in his tea kettle, smeared that onto
00:08:25 cloth, and then pressed in these tiny
00:08:26 fibers. Then, he ringed the whole thing
00:08:29 through his wife's brand new clothes
00:08:30 ringer, and when he tested it, it
00:08:34 worked. It didn't burn.
00:08:36 In 1868, Henry War John's patented his
00:08:39 invention, and by 1927, the company he
00:08:42 built was generating $45 million in
00:08:45 annual sales, more than $800 million in
00:08:47 today's money. Soon, people were using
00:08:50 this fireresistant stuff in all kinds of
00:08:52 building materials. Across America,
00:08:54 consumption grew from around 20,400 tons
00:08:57 in 1900 to a peak of 803,000 tons in
00:09:02 1973.
00:09:06 Because of that, pretty much every
00:09:06 building in the US, public or private,
00:09:09 commercial or residential, used some
00:09:11 form of this material. During that same
00:09:13 period, stronger building codes, safer
00:09:15 heating systems, and other fireresistant
00:09:17 materials were also introduced, and it
00:09:19 showed during that time, fire related
00:09:22 deaths dropped around 80%. So, this
00:09:24 material likely helped save millions of
00:09:27 lives worldwide.
00:09:34 Because it couldn't be destroyed by
00:09:34 fire, the name the ancient Greeks gave
00:09:37 it, it stuck around. They called it
00:09:40 inextinguishable
00:09:42 or asbestous.
00:09:50 >> Asbestous, the remarkable mineral. By
00:09:50 the mid- 20th century, asbestous was
00:09:52 everywhere inside brake pads, toasters,
00:09:55 ironing boards, hair dryers, surgical
00:09:58 dressings and blankets. You know,
00:10:00 brewers filtered beer through it. One
00:10:03 brand of toothpaste even used it for
00:10:05 extra polish. The fake snow in
00:10:08 department store windows and in movies
00:10:10 like The Wizard of Oz, all of that's
00:10:12 asbestous, too.
00:10:14 >> Unusual weather we're having a
00:10:16 >> Sorry, Darthothy. It was such a big
00:10:19 deal, Marvel even had a villain called
00:10:22 Asbestous Lady. She'd set a fire to
00:10:24 escape the police and she'd easily walk
00:10:26 through it safe inside her asbestous
00:10:28 bodysuit.
00:10:30 To feed this demand, asbestous was
00:10:32 pulled out of the ground on an enormous
00:10:34 scale. Major mining operations spread
00:10:36 across Canada, Russia, and South Africa,
00:10:39 with global production peaking at
00:10:41 approximately 4.8 million tons per year
00:10:44 in 1977.
00:10:51 But the reason asbestous ended up in so
00:10:51 many different products is because it's
00:10:53 actually a group of different minerals.
00:10:57 That white fluffy stuff we tried to burn
00:10:59 earlier, it's called cryetile and it
00:11:01 belongs to a mineral family known as the
00:11:04 serpentines. But other types of
00:11:05 asbestous looked completely different.
00:11:08 For instance, there is also brown
00:11:10 asbestous known as amocite. It forms
00:11:13 thick fibers that almost look like wood
00:11:15 splinters. strong, stable, and highly
00:11:18 heatresistant. So, it was perfect for
00:11:20 putting into building materials like
00:11:22 cement panels.
00:11:25 This type belongs to a different mineral
00:11:27 family, the amphubles.
00:11:30 Here, instead of forming sheets, the
00:11:32 silica tetrahedral lock into rigid
00:11:34 latter-like chains in amite, iron, and
00:11:37 magnesium ions along with hydroxal
00:11:39 groups embedded in the structure bind
00:11:41 those chains together forming these long
00:11:43 needle-like fibers.
00:11:46 But tweak that chemistry just slightly
00:11:48 so that now iron and sodium ions bind
00:11:51 the chains and you get this blue
00:11:53 asbestous or cassidily.
00:11:56 These crystals split easily along their
00:11:58 length and they create these fine
00:12:00 flexible fibers that are still
00:12:01 extraordinarily strong with tensile
00:12:04 strengths comparable to high-grade steel
00:12:06 wire.
00:12:08 This type went into chemicalresistant
00:12:10 insulation, shipyards, and even filters
00:12:12 inside early gas masks. Oh, and there
00:12:15 was another use, one that's hard to
00:12:16 believe now.
00:12:18 >> In this magic box I have right here is
00:12:22 something that was manufactured right
00:12:24 here in North Carolina.
00:12:26 They're cigarettes produced in the
00:12:29 1950s.
00:12:30 And if you look at the filter,
00:12:33 you see the filters are blue asbestous.
00:12:40 This is Kent with a micronite filter
00:12:42 that was manufactured with cryolite
00:12:45 asbestous in the filter itself.
00:12:47 >> So you're not only smoking, you were
00:12:48 smoking it through a blue asbestous
00:12:49 filter.
00:12:50 >> Yes.
00:12:51 >> What a deal.
00:12:52 >> Only Kent has the revolutionary new
00:12:54 micronite filter you've heard so much
00:12:56 about. Kent and only Kent filters best.
00:12:59 Filters best. Filters best.
00:13:13 In the early 1900s, a young woman named
00:13:13 Nelly Kershaw worked in a factory that
00:13:16 spun asbestous fibers into threads.
00:13:19 Every day, she breathed in the dust that
00:13:21 those machines threw into the air. So,
00:13:24 by her early 30s, she was so sick she
00:13:27 could barely breathe.
00:13:29 And when she finally decided to ask the
00:13:32 factory for help, they refused. They
00:13:34 said helping out workers would set a
00:13:36 dangerous precedent. Nelly died shortly
00:13:39 after at the age of just 33.
00:13:43 Nelly's case caught the attention of
00:13:45 pathologist Dr. William Cook. When he
00:13:48 opened up her chest, her lungs were gray
00:13:50 and scarred, almost blue black like they
00:13:52 had a huge internal bruise. And when his
00:13:55 scalpel passed through them, they
00:13:57 rasped. It was like scraping against
00:13:59 sandpaper.
00:14:02 The tissue was full of mineral grit and
00:14:04 under the microscope, the cause was
00:14:05 unmistakable. Asbestous fibers lodged
00:14:08 into the lung tissue.
00:14:11 If we were to inhale some type of an
00:14:13 asbestous fiber, I kind of think of them
00:14:15 as like little microscopic straight
00:14:17 arrows. They kind of just shoot down
00:14:18 through the nose or the mouth and move
00:14:21 down through the trachea. If we continue
00:14:24 on going down here, we get smaller and
00:14:26 smaller as we penetrate deeper into the
00:14:28 lung tissue. And then you get into these
00:14:30 alvolar sacks, these asbestous fibers,
00:14:32 they lodge in the tissue there and lung
00:14:34 secretions, enzymes, even white blood
00:14:37 cells, they have a really hard time
00:14:38 breaking those down.
00:14:40 >> You end up with scarring deep inside the
00:14:43 lungs. In 1924, Dr. Cook published the
00:14:46 first medical description of this
00:14:48 condition, which became known as
00:14:49 asbestosis.
00:14:52 When these asbestous fibers lodge into
00:14:54 the lungs, the body treats them like
00:14:56 invaders. Specialized cells called
00:14:58 macrofasages move in cells whose job it
00:15:01 is to engulf and digest bacteria, dust
00:15:03 or debris. But asbestous fibers are too
00:15:06 long and stiff to swallow. It's kind of
00:15:08 like trying to eat a toothpick sideways.
00:15:11 The macrofasages keep trying and failing
00:15:13 and in the process they release
00:15:15 inflammatory chemicals that damage the
00:15:17 surrounding lung tissue. So workers
00:15:19 breathing in asbestous dust day after
00:15:21 day accumulated more and more damage.
00:15:24 When doctors sent by the British
00:15:26 government examined hundreds of
00:15:28 asbestous workers, they found that more
00:15:30 than 25% already showed signs of lung
00:15:33 disease. And for workers with over 20
00:15:36 years of exposure, that number was
00:15:38 closer to 80%. So in 1931, the
00:15:41 government officially classified
00:15:43 asbestous as a workplace hazard, making
00:15:45 it one of the first industrial materials
00:15:47 to be regulated for health risks. But
00:15:49 the new rules only covered factories
00:15:51 where asbestous was manufactured. They
00:15:54 didn't extend to other workers like ship
00:15:56 builders, miners, or construction
00:15:58 workers who were regularly exposed to
00:16:00 asbestous dust.
00:16:04 Across the Atlantic, things weren't much
00:16:05 better. There was no binding federal
00:16:08 asbestous rules in the states, only a
00:16:10 recommendation. The US Public Health
00:16:12 Service suggested a temporary exposure
00:16:14 limit of 5 million asbestos particles
00:16:17 for a single cubic foot of air, which
00:16:19 meant that a worker breathing normally
00:16:21 could inhale over 300 million asbestos
00:16:23 particles an hour and still be
00:16:25 considered within guidelines. This
00:16:27 became especially problematic for
00:16:29 shipyard workers when World War II broke
00:16:31 out. Ships were packed with asbestous
00:16:34 insulation, so workers spent their days
00:16:36 cutting and fitting asbestous in thick
00:16:38 clouds of fibers. And according to the
00:16:40 guidelines of the day, these levels met
00:16:43 the official definition of safe working
00:16:45 conditions. In fact, asbestous was still
00:16:48 marketed as a magic material. A few
00:16:50 years earlier, Time magazine actually
00:16:52 put John's Manuel's president, Lewis H.
00:16:54 Brown, on its April 3rd, 1939 cover. But
00:16:58 in the early 1960s, finally, one doctor
00:17:01 started connecting the dots on
00:17:02 asbestous.
00:17:04 Dr. Dr. Irving Celikov was running a
00:17:06 small clinic in Patterson, New Jersey
00:17:08 when the local asbestous workers union
00:17:10 asked if their members could come and
00:17:12 see him. Before long, he'd seen multiple
00:17:15 workers with either severe lung scarring
00:17:18 or more concerningly an extremely rare
00:17:20 cancer called meotheloma.
00:17:22 But methyloma is strongly associated
00:17:26 with speestous exposure and is cancer of
00:17:29 those cells lining the inside of the
00:17:31 chest cavity. And most commonly it's
00:17:33 this plural cavity. These plural
00:17:35 membranes are lined with meothelial
00:17:38 cells. Sometimes what happens is the
00:17:40 fibers will work their way out of the
00:17:43 lung tissue and directly get into this
00:17:46 cavity here and they can literally
00:17:48 pierce out the lungs.
00:17:50 They cause constant irritation and over
00:17:52 time that can trigger cancerous changes
00:17:55 in the cells that make up those linings.
00:18:02 Celikov needed more data to understand
00:18:02 the scale of the problem. But factory
00:18:04 owners refused to share medical records
00:18:06 from their workers with him. So Celikov
00:18:09 had to get creative. See, during World
00:18:12 War II, many shipyard workers employed
00:18:14 by the Navy underwent federal background
00:18:16 checks. Thousands of these men had been
00:18:19 working with asbestous to insulate
00:18:21 ships. So using surviving FBI wartime
00:18:24 personnel records, Celikov began
00:18:26 tracking them down and one by one
00:18:29 painstakingly pieced together their
00:18:31 medical histories. What emerged wasn't a
00:18:34 handful of isolated tragedies. It was a
00:18:37 pattern. That exposure proved deadlier
00:18:40 than combat itself.
00:18:43 8.6 6 out of every thousand servicemen
00:18:46 were killed in action whereas 14 out of
00:18:49 every thousand shipyard workers later
00:18:51 died from asbestous related cancers.
00:18:55 Selikoff launched a formal investigation
00:18:57 into hundreds of asbestous insulation
00:18:59 workers and what he found confirmed his
00:19:01 fears. widespread disabling aspestosis,
00:19:05 dozens of cases of messotheloma, lung
00:19:07 cancer rates roughly seven times higher
00:19:10 than expected, and a three-fold increase
00:19:12 in gastrointestinal cancers. In 1964, he
00:19:15 organized a conference at the New York
00:19:17 Academy of Sciences, where for the first
00:19:19 time, all this evidence was presented
00:19:21 publicly in one place and on the record.
00:19:24 It marked the moment when asbestous
00:19:25 stopped being seen as a modern miracle
00:19:27 material and instead started being
00:19:29 recognized as a public health crisis.
00:19:37 But the asbesus industry fought back
00:19:37 trying to discredit Selikoff. Industry
00:19:40 funded research groups came out with
00:19:41 papers minimizing the risk of exposure
00:19:43 and framing Celikov's findings as
00:19:45 overblown. They started a coordinated PR
00:19:48 effort to discredit him, trying to call
00:19:50 him alarmist and starting a rumor that
00:19:53 he wasn't even a real doctor just
00:19:55 because he got his medical degree out in
00:19:56 Scotland.
00:19:58 But Celikov kept going. He kept
00:20:01 publishing data on the devastating
00:20:03 health effects of asbestous exposure. He
00:20:05 worked 18-hour days documenting every
00:20:08 patient who wrote to him. He contacted
00:20:10 policy makers, even world leaders,
00:20:13 urging them to take action against
00:20:14 asbestous.
00:20:17 uh Celikov uh the legendary um doctor
00:20:21 who organized this conference in the
00:20:23 1970s found that uh introvenous drugs
00:20:26 were being contaminated by asbestous
00:20:28 filtration. People aren't just eating it
00:20:30 and breathing it, they're mainlining it.
00:20:34 By the 1970s, no one could deny it any
00:20:36 longer. miners, factory workers,
00:20:39 shipyard insulators, people who had been
00:20:41 exposed decades earlier during the
00:20:43 asbestous boom were now turning up with
00:20:45 multiple cancers in huge numbers.
00:20:48 Asbestos exposure is linked to all sorts
00:20:50 of different cancers. The lung tissue
00:20:52 has lymphatic vessels in it. Would you
00:20:54 have them throughout your whole body?
00:20:56 The asbestous fibers sometimes on their
00:20:58 own can migrate into the lymphatic
00:21:00 vessels. Sometimes the white blood cells
00:21:03 will take it into the lymphatic system.
00:21:05 Once you hit the lymphatic system, you
00:21:08 have the potential to go anywhere in the
00:21:10 human body.
00:21:12 >> Autopsies have found fibers in nearly
00:21:14 every organ in the body. The brain, bone
00:21:17 marrow, spleen, intestines, pancreas,
00:21:19 prostate, ovaries, thyroid, and liver.
00:21:22 And in every tissue those fibers reach,
00:21:25 they set off the same chain reaction.
00:21:27 I'm imagining these white blood cells
00:21:29 with personalities, and they get all mad
00:21:31 and frustrated because they can't engulf
00:21:32 this asbestous fiber. They've coined
00:21:34 this term called essentially frustrated
00:21:37 faggoytosis. They start releasing these
00:21:40 things like reactive oxygen species.
00:21:42 They can cause damage to surrounding
00:21:44 cells. And really important is damage to
00:21:47 DNA. Those cells can start dividing out
00:21:50 of control and they start to clump
00:21:51 together and we start to call those
00:21:53 clumps of cells cancer.
00:21:55 >> US courts were flooded with lawsuits
00:21:57 against companies like John's Manville.
00:21:59 The harm asbestous caused was well
00:22:01 documented. The information was out
00:22:03 there. Companies should have known their
00:22:05 products were dangerous.
00:22:06 >> They should know what's reasonably
00:22:08 available in the public domain about the
00:22:11 dangers of asbestous. If they can read
00:22:14 asbestous patents, they can read asbests
00:22:16 pathology papers. But the companies
00:22:19 denied it.
00:22:19 >> What was needed was definitive evidence
00:22:21 that the companies knew their products
00:22:23 were killing their workers.
00:22:27 Then an attorney Carl Ash noticed
00:22:29 something strange in the 1974 report by
00:22:32 this huge asbestous company called
00:22:34 Raybestus Manhattan. See in this report
00:22:36 the company suggested that they had
00:22:38 actually been investigating health
00:22:40 hazards of asbestous since the 1930s. So
00:22:43 Ash started digging. He filed a request
00:22:46 for internal documents and at first the
00:22:48 company claimed it couldn't find much.
00:22:51 Then unexpectedly, Ash was handed a
00:22:53 banker's box stuffed full of documents
00:22:56 meticulously kept by Ray Best
00:22:58 Manhattan's former president, Sumar
00:23:00 Simpson.
00:23:03 Back in 1935, a journal contacted
00:23:06 Simpson because they wanted to write an
00:23:08 article about asbestosis. Shortly after,
00:23:10 Simpson himself reached out to John's
00:23:12 Manville's lawyer, Van Diver Brown,
00:23:15 saying, "I think the less said about
00:23:17 asbestous, the better off we are." to
00:23:18 which Brown replied, "I quite agree with
00:23:20 you that our interests are best served
00:23:22 by having espostosis receive the minimum
00:23:24 of publicity." The same papers also
00:23:27 revealed that in the 1930s, Ray Bestus
00:23:30 and John's Manville hired an external
00:23:32 company, Sarin Laboratories, to do
00:23:34 studies of asbestous on animals, but the
00:23:36 companies insisted on controlling what
00:23:38 from those studies will be made public.
00:23:41 As a letter from Van Dyver points out,
00:23:43 it is our further understanding that the
00:23:44 results obtained will be considered the
00:23:46 property of those who are advancing the
00:23:48 required funds who will determine
00:23:49 whether to what extent and in what
00:23:51 manner they shall be made public. A
00:23:54 clause to which Sarinac Laboratories
00:23:55 said yes. But after the lead researcher
00:23:58 who was compiling all this evidence died
00:24:00 in 1946, the companies agreed that
00:24:03 nothing should be published that
00:24:04 contained any objectionable material.
00:24:06 objectionable, meaning any sort of
00:24:08 indication that asbestous causes cancer.
00:24:11 So when Sarin Laboratories finished
00:24:12 their research, the companies took the
00:24:14 report, edited it, and just buried the
00:24:16 evidence. Here's an original copy of
00:24:18 that manuscript, and you can find whole
00:24:21 sections just crossed out. Other
00:24:23 documents were even more damaged. A
00:24:25 John's Manville medical official later
00:24:27 testified that up until 1971, the
00:24:30 company had a policy of not telling
00:24:32 their workers if their physicals showed
00:24:33 signs of asbestosis or asbestous related
00:24:36 lung cancers. And in sworn testimony, a
00:24:39 witness recalled a meeting they had in
00:24:41 the early 1940s with the president of
00:24:43 John's Manville, asking why they weren't
00:24:46 warning workers about asbestous. As the
00:24:48 witness recalls it, they asked, "Do you
00:24:50 mean to tell me you would let them work
00:24:52 until they drop dead?" to which the
00:24:54 president replied, "Yes, we save a lot
00:24:57 of money that way."
00:25:00 Once the Summer Simpson papers got out,
00:25:02 they unlocked a new industrial
00:25:03 Watergate, the industry's standard, "Oh,
00:25:06 we didn't know" defense. It simply fell
00:25:08 apart. Comparisons were made to Big
00:25:10 Tobacco's concealment of smoking risks.
00:25:13 And the lawsuits surged. Each case
00:25:15 brought new discovery, and each round of
00:25:17 discovery exposed a wider, more
00:25:20 coordinated cover up.
00:25:23 Ever since the word aspestosis started
00:25:25 showing up in medical journals in the
00:25:27 1920s, John's Manville went out to
00:25:29 secure the market around itself. First,
00:25:32 they acquired the biggest rockwool
00:25:34 company. Then they acquired a firm
00:25:36 holding the key patents to calcium
00:25:38 silicate insulation, insulation that
00:25:40 could be made without asbestous. Now, at
00:25:42 the same time, companies that had non
00:25:44 asbestous insulation were incentivized
00:25:46 into creating asbestous product lines.
00:25:49 With each acquisition or inducement,
00:25:51 another potential competitor lost the
00:25:53 ability to denounce asbestous and say,
00:25:55 "Oh, we have an asbestous free product.
00:25:58 So each in turn became a member of this
00:26:00 conspiracy of silence. That is how the
00:26:03 asbestous industry guaranteed its
00:26:05 survival by ensuring no one could speak
00:26:07 out against it.
00:26:09 >> We suggest you consider asbesus for the
00:26:12 walls of your home.
00:26:14 >> They're business decisions and the
00:26:16 people who make them are businessmen. I
00:26:18 mean the word morality or moral
00:26:20 obligation is almost non-existent in the
00:26:23 corporate documents.
00:26:24 >> In 1982, John's Manville filed for
00:26:27 bankruptcy protection.
00:26:28 >> Manville Corporation's board of
00:26:30 directors has determined that the
00:26:32 corporation should file for
00:26:33 reorganization under chapter 11 of the
00:26:36 bankruptcy act.
00:26:38 >> Not because they were broke, but in a
00:26:40 move widely seen as a way to shield the
00:26:42 company from a flood of asbestous
00:26:44 lawsuits. Despite all the evidence
00:26:46 against them, John's Manville survived.
00:26:48 They continue operating to this day,
00:26:51 although they no longer produce
00:26:52 asbestous.
00:26:54 Between 1940 and 1980, the asbestous
00:26:58 industry, led by John's Manville,
00:27:00 exposed roughly 21 million Americans to
00:27:03 these fibers. Asbestous related deaths
00:27:05 amounted to at least 8 to 10,000 people
00:27:08 every year, with many more suffering
00:27:10 lifelong disease.
00:27:14 In 1989, the EPA issued a rule to phase
00:27:17 out almost all asbestous use in the
00:27:19 United States. And that should have been
00:27:22 the end of the story.
00:27:24 But the industry sued immediately, not
00:27:26 because anyone disputed asbestous causes
00:27:29 cancer, that was undeniable by this
00:27:31 point, but because of a legal
00:27:33 technicality. See, under the law, the
00:27:35 EPA had to prove that an outright ban of
00:27:38 asbestous was the only solution and that
00:27:40 anything less than that just wouldn't
00:27:42 cut it. this was an almost impossible
00:27:44 feat. Now, the industry argued that they
00:27:47 hadn't done that. And unfortunately, the
00:27:49 US courts agreed. So, in 1991, they
00:27:51 ruled that the EPA just hadn't met this
00:27:53 narrow legal standard. And with that,
00:27:55 the asbestous ban was dead in the water.
00:27:59 But by then, asbestous had become so
00:28:01 financially and legally risky for the
00:28:04 companies that manufactured it or used
00:28:05 it that its overall use did actually
00:28:08 decline. Yet in the end, after years of
00:28:11 trying to define and regulate asbestous,
00:28:13 the only thing that truly stuck around
00:28:15 was a definition and a narrow one.
00:28:18 Chryotile and five amphubles because
00:28:20 these were the only ones being mined,
00:28:22 sold, and used in factories. Those six
00:28:25 became the official asbestous minerals.
00:28:27 And anything else, no matter how
00:28:29 fiberlike or potentially dangerous,
00:28:31 well, that doesn't count.
00:28:42 The FDA for the first time in 50 years
00:28:42 considering testing for asbestous in
00:28:44 cosmetics and talc powder.
00:28:46 >> Traces of it have now been detected in
00:28:49 children's play sand.
00:28:50 >> Thousands of people are claiming that
00:28:52 they developed various forms of cancer
00:28:54 after years of using Johnson and
00:28:56 Johnson's baby powder.
00:28:58 >> Is this all the stuff that you've
00:29:00 collected over the years?
00:29:01 >> No, it's not all of it. But, uh, this
00:29:03 box is full of all the Claire's labelled
00:29:07 products that I found as bestas in
00:29:09 everything little girls could possibly
00:29:11 want to have their makeup in.
00:29:14 Like, oh, I don't know. How about
00:29:16 sparkly boxes, right?
00:29:18 >> And, uh, there's a cell phone.
00:29:20 >> Yes.
00:29:21 >> Right. With eyeshadows on it.
00:29:23 >> Yeah.
00:29:23 >> Right. There's asbesus in there. There's
00:29:25 asbesus in the unicorn.
00:29:27 >> There's Yes. All of these have asbesus
00:29:30 in them.
00:29:33 I started seeing asbesus fibers
00:29:34 everywhere.
00:29:35 >> Everywhere. Okay.
00:29:36 >> The the eyehadows, the blush, they all
00:29:39 had asbestos fibers. All right.
00:29:42 Wow. Okay.
00:29:45 >> What year was this?
00:29:46 >> Uh 2017.
00:29:48 >> What?
00:29:49 >> 2017.
00:29:50 >> I thought it was going to be like 1980
00:29:52 or something. What? 2017.
00:29:54 >> Yes.
00:29:55 >> Whoa.
00:29:56 >> And the manufacturer came back said
00:29:57 there's no way. and they sponsored uh
00:30:01 another laboratory to look at the same
00:30:03 samples and they said no none of this
00:30:06 counts as asbesus it's all cleavage
00:30:08 fragments or sepiaite clay or something
00:30:11 like that and it was boulder dash right
00:30:13 I called friends all across the states
00:30:16 and said hey do you have a CLA's store
00:30:18 near you can you find the sparkly box
00:30:21 right and send it to me pronto there's
00:30:24 Claire's all in all the malls all across
00:30:27 America and then I looked further It's
00:30:29 all over the world. I mean, every mall
00:30:32 everywhere. And I end up testing
00:30:33 Claire's from Brazil to Japan uh to
00:30:37 London. I found asbesus.
00:30:39 Don't worry. Right. So, that turned into
00:30:42 a huge story. Right. And now I don't
00:30:45 think you can buy very much uh talc
00:30:48 based cosmetics at Claire's now. But it
00:30:52 was a several years long
00:30:54 >> battle.
00:31:09 These are different products that were
00:31:09 sold at at toy stores. Like here's the
00:31:13 secret spy kit.
00:31:14 >> Yeah.
00:31:14 >> And you see there's a fingerprint kit
00:31:16 there, right? And in that fingerprint
00:31:19 kit was a powder in which I found uh
00:31:23 asbesus fibers. Say it ain't so. Mickey
00:31:25 Mouse crayons.
00:31:27 >> No, I found asbestous in those.
00:31:30 And this keeps happening. Just a couple
00:31:32 of months ago, around 70 schools in
00:31:34 Australia and New Zealand had to close
00:31:36 down because of the asbestous found in
00:31:38 children's playand. Out of the 60
00:31:41 outlets that reported on this story,
00:31:43 only 24% were from right-leaning
00:31:45 sources. Depending on where you get your
00:31:47 news, this might have never crossed your
00:31:49 radar, which is a problem because public
00:31:51 health information like this shouldn't
00:31:53 fall through the cracks. And this is why
00:31:55 we've asked Ground News to sponsor this
00:31:57 video. They compile news from outlets
00:31:59 all over the world into one place so
00:32:01 that you can easily see the partisan
00:32:03 split. And with their color-coded
00:32:05 layout, it's also easy to sort your news
00:32:06 by factuality, ownership, and source so
00:32:09 that you can see how a story like this
00:32:11 is getting covered side by side with all
00:32:13 the context you need. Take these two
00:32:15 headlines for example. This article from
00:32:17 the Herald Sun only talks about the fear
00:32:19 of asbestous while this very
00:32:21 highfactuality source firmly states that
00:32:23 asbestous was found in decorative sand.
00:32:26 That difference matters. I would like to
00:32:28 know whether the concern is over a mere
00:32:30 suspicion or actual asbestous
00:32:32 contamination. And that's why I find
00:32:34 ground news so useful. You get the full
00:32:36 picture, not just one headline
00:32:38 sensationalizing for clicks. And they
00:32:40 also have a dedicated blind spot feed
00:32:42 for stories like these that are, you
00:32:43 know, disproportionately covered by
00:32:45 either side of the political spectrum.
00:32:47 All to help people avoid their echo
00:32:49 chambers. Now, we partnered up with
00:32:51 Ground News because we share the same
00:32:53 mission, getting to the truth, and
00:32:55 that's why we're offering 40% off their
00:32:57 Vantage plan at ground.news/ve.
00:33:01 So, if you want to support the channel,
00:33:02 but also want a clearer understanding of
00:33:05 the world, check out that link in the
00:33:06 description, or you can also scan this
00:33:08 QR code. So, I want to thank Ground News
00:33:11 for sponsoring this part of the video.
00:33:12 And now, let's go figure out why
00:33:14 asbestous is even getting into all these
00:33:16 consumer products. Now, no one is
00:33:19 intentionally putting asbestous in
00:33:20 makeup or kids toys. So, how did
00:33:23 something we know is deadly just end up
00:33:26 everywhere? Well, it's an unfortunate
00:33:28 consequence of where asbestous forms and
00:33:31 nowhere makes that more clear than
00:33:33 Libby, Montana.
00:33:35 >> It kind of breaks my heart to talk about
00:33:37 it. Um,
00:33:40 the mine up there is vermiculite mine is
00:33:42 about 56 miles north.
00:33:44 >> Vermiculite is a mineral that is used in
00:33:46 everything from insulation to
00:33:48 fireproofing to potting soil. On its
00:33:50 own, it's harmless. The problem was
00:33:53 Libbyy's vermiculite formed mixed in
00:33:55 with amphubable asbestous fibers. And
00:33:58 the same thing happens with other
00:34:00 minerals we mine, including stuff like
00:34:02 talc.
00:34:03 That's how asbestous ends up in products
00:34:05 like the ones we saw at Shaun's lab.
00:34:09 And the worst part, the company that
00:34:11 owned and operated the mine, WR Grace,
00:34:14 they knew. They knew the ore contained
00:34:16 asbestous. They knew people were getting
00:34:17 sick. And they didn't warn the town. In
00:34:20 fact, they try to cover it up for almost
00:34:23 30 years.
00:34:24 >> They had hundreds of workers in there.
00:34:27 And of course, when the miners would go
00:34:28 home, they had dust all over their
00:34:30 clothes and their kids and their wives
00:34:33 got it and died as well. But the doctors
00:34:35 up around Libby, they knew. Boy, did
00:34:38 they know. Besides the lung disease and
00:34:40 cancers long associated with asbestous
00:34:42 exposure, researchers were also finding
00:34:44 rates of some autoimmune diseases were
00:34:46 nearly six times higher than the
00:34:48 national average. And by the time the
00:34:50 Liby situation hit the headlines in
00:34:52 1999, reporters documented nearly 200
00:34:55 deaths in a town of fewer than 3,000.
00:34:58 >> And it could take 20 years for it to go,
00:35:00 but pretty soon you have no breath at
00:35:03 all. And you die ofxiation. I could tell
00:35:05 talking on the phone by somebody's voice
00:35:08 how far along they were toward death
00:35:11 because none of them survived. Finally,
00:35:13 in 2009, the EPA declared a public
00:35:16 health emergency in Libby, calling it
00:35:18 the worst case of industrial poisoning
00:35:20 of a community in US history.
00:35:23 >> But Libby is just the tip of the
00:35:24 iceberg.
00:35:26 >> Because for decades, WR Grace shipped
00:35:28 Libby vermiculite around the country and
00:35:31 with it deadly amphable asbestous, which
00:35:34 ended up in millions of homes as attic
00:35:36 insulation.
00:35:38 And Grace also made a fireproof spray
00:35:40 that was used on the steel frames of
00:35:42 high-rise buildings. By 1970, over half
00:35:45 of the multi-story buildings erected in
00:35:47 the United States used this fireproof
00:35:49 spray, including the World Trade Center.
00:35:53 But this spray was actually marketed as
00:35:56 asbestous free. According to a later
00:35:58 investigation by the New York Times,
00:36:00 Grace lobbyed regulators to adopt a
00:36:03 threshold under which products
00:36:04 containing less than 1% of asbestous
00:36:06 would not be regulated. Grace argued
00:36:09 that the danger of such small amounts
00:36:11 had not been proved. This became known
00:36:13 as the 1% rule or the grace rule. That
00:36:16 decision didn't just affect the products
00:36:18 from Libbyy's mine. It reshaped how
00:36:21 asbestous was detected, regulated, and
00:36:24 ignored everywhere.
00:36:31 Oh my god.
00:36:31 >> Oh my god.
00:36:33 >> OH MY GOD.
00:36:35 >> OKAY. When that went down, I knew it. I
00:36:37 knew they had asbestous. And so I
00:36:39 started calling. I said, "What do you
00:36:41 how are you going to protect people from
00:36:43 that?" Cuz now that stuff's all over the
00:36:45 place. You saw the dust clouds, right?
00:36:47 >> September 11th became the largest
00:36:49 realworld test of asbestous detection
00:36:52 following a single catastrophic event.
00:36:54 That dust is so thick you can't see.
00:36:56 >> When the EPA began sampling the dust and
00:36:58 analyzing it, they chose a method we
00:37:00 used back at the lab called polarized
00:37:02 light microscopy or PLM. But the PLM has
00:37:05 two major limitations. First, it
00:37:08 struggles to detect asbestous if it's
00:37:10 less than 1% by weight in the sample.
00:37:12 And second, it can only see the fibers
00:37:15 that are roughly longer than about 5
00:37:17 micrometers or wider than about a/4 of a
00:37:20 micrometer. As a result, the smallest
00:37:23 and often times the most dangerous
00:37:24 fibers like the ones pulverized during
00:37:26 the collapse of the towers are difficult
00:37:28 to detect using just the PLM.
00:37:31 To reliably find these, you need
00:37:33 transmission electron microscopy or TEM.
00:37:37 >> Where we top out at about a thousand
00:37:38 times with electro with light
00:37:40 microscopy, this tops out at about a
00:37:42 million times. But what we need to see
00:37:45 is just what are the finest fibers that
00:37:48 are potentially can go into your lung.
00:37:51 >> Without having used a TEM, the EPA
00:37:53 declared New York's air safe.
00:37:56 >> Everything we've tested for, which
00:37:58 includes asbestous, lead, and VOCC's
00:38:01 have been below any level of concern for
00:38:03 the general public health.
00:38:06 >> But some researchers after 911 actually
00:38:08 did do studies with TEM. They found
00:38:11 asbestous levels far above the EPA's own
00:38:14 safety thresholds in most of their
00:38:15 samples. And the report also warned that
00:38:18 because many of these fibers were
00:38:20 actually smaller than normal, they were
00:38:21 especially dangerous. They posted the
00:38:24 results on the American Industrial
00:38:26 Hygiene Association website, but within
00:38:28 hours, their post disappeared. Less than
00:38:32 24 hours later, the researchers were
00:38:34 notified they had been taken off the job
00:38:36 and were no longer required at ground
00:38:38 zero. One former EPA chief investigator
00:38:41 later went on CBS saying they believe
00:38:43 the agency had deliberately used the
00:38:46 wrong testing methods and downplayed the
00:38:48 danger.
00:38:50 >> New York City directly lied about the
00:38:53 test results for asbestous in air. When
00:38:56 they finally released them, they
00:38:57 doctorred the result.
00:39:00 We don't know if that's true, but to be
00:39:02 clear, PLM is still widely used to
00:39:04 detect asbestous because it's faster,
00:39:06 it's cheaper, it's easier to deploy. But
00:39:09 what we do know is two things. First,
00:39:11 the PLM method was not sensitive enough
00:39:13 to detect whether there were asbestous
00:39:15 fibers in the dust at ground zero. And
00:39:17 second, the EPA did have other more
00:39:20 sensitive methods available to them.
00:39:22 Whatever the motives, the result was the
00:39:24 same. New Yorkers were told that the air
00:39:26 was safe when it really wasn't. And as
00:39:29 of December 2023, 6,781
00:39:33 of those who have been registered with
00:39:34 the World Trade Center Health Program
00:39:36 have died either of an illness or a
00:39:39 cancer linked just to their time being
00:39:42 around ground zero.
00:39:50 But even if the EPA had used the TEM,
00:39:50 the answer would still not be simple
00:39:52 because even then researchers run into a
00:39:54 more basic problem. What actually counts
00:39:57 as asbestous?
00:39:59 >> Is there asbestous in the air? Is there
00:40:00 asbestous in the soil? Is there asbesus
00:40:02 in the water? Is there asbestous in the
00:40:04 body? All of those counting rules are
00:40:06 based on fibers that are not super long,
00:40:10 but they're way longer than the vast
00:40:13 majority of say libampul fibers and the
00:40:17 vast majority of fibers that are
00:40:19 inhaled. So, they're not even counting
00:40:22 those. They're not even looking for
00:40:24 them.
00:40:25 The ways that we are right now telling
00:40:28 people whether they're being exposed or
00:40:30 not is a lie.
00:40:32 >> And when longer fibers break, forming
00:40:34 these so-called cleavage fragments, they
00:40:37 don't count either.
00:40:37 >> Yeah. There's a whole effort to say,
00:40:39 "Oh, yeah. If it's if it's been broken,
00:40:41 it's not it's not dangerous." But there
00:40:43 are so many papers out there that show
00:40:45 that if you put pure cleavage fragments
00:40:47 into mice, they get very very sick.
00:40:50 This really matters when you're in a
00:40:52 place like this and you realize the dust
00:40:54 could be considered asbestous
00:40:55 contaminated under one definition and
00:40:58 perfectly safe under another.
00:41:00 >> Nobody would have expected fine
00:41:02 asbestous here.
00:41:03 >> To be clear, there were no asbestous
00:41:06 mines in Nevada. No industrial sites, no
00:41:09 history of asbestous commercial use at
00:41:11 all. But geologists Brenda Buck and Rott
00:41:14 Medal found asbestous spread across
00:41:16 approximately 1 million acres outside
00:41:19 Las Vegas.
00:41:21 >> Geologic processes transport these
00:41:24 materials and you know before the
00:41:26 erosion started they were just in the
00:41:28 bedrocks along the mountain front. Now
00:41:31 they're in sediments down there. They're
00:41:33 in the stream here. And the problem with
00:41:35 the naturally occurring stuff like this
00:41:37 is it may be only a small percentage in
00:41:39 the rock and even a smaller percentage
00:41:42 in the soil, but this stuff gets in the
00:41:44 air.
00:41:45 >> Entire communities might be breathing it
00:41:47 in and getting sick without knowing. So
00:41:50 Brenda and Rod tried to warn people.
00:41:52 Back in late 2012, they compiled all of
00:41:55 their findings for a presentation at the
00:41:56 Conference of the Geological Society of
00:41:58 America. But before the conference even
00:42:01 began, the abstract caught the attention
00:42:03 of a journalist who reported on the
00:42:05 story and that's when the push back
00:42:07 started. Soon the state of Nevada sent a
00:42:10 cease and assist letter and officials
00:42:13 questioned Brenda and Rod's methods.
00:42:15 >> So if you go to Las Vegas, you're going
00:42:17 to get exposed to that. That they didn't
00:42:19 want that out there.
00:42:20 >> Every time I drove into Boulder City,
00:42:22 there was an official tailing me within
00:42:25 a minute.
00:42:26 >> The message was clear. Don't look any
00:42:29 further. Well, we did decide to look
00:42:32 further. So, we drove out into the
00:42:34 desert to a popular off-roading spot to
00:42:36 test whether there really is asbestous
00:42:39 in the dust around Las Vegas. Okay, I'm
00:42:42 strapped into a dune buggy here. I'm
00:42:43 going to go down to that basin and
00:42:45 Sean's strapped up some dust collectors
00:42:48 with uh receivers in my breathing zone
00:42:50 so we can actually figure out how much
00:42:52 asbestous I would be inhaling through
00:42:53 the dust that I kick up.
00:43:15 You see those donuts off?
00:43:15 >> Yeah. Yeah. You were ripping it up down
00:43:16 there.
00:43:17 >> Yeah. From a geological point of view,
00:43:19 any any notes?
00:43:20 >> It rained today. I thought about that
00:43:22 while I was watching. I was like, there
00:43:23 might not be much dust. But these are
00:43:25 the air samples that were hanging in
00:43:26 your breathing, right? And I looked at
00:43:28 them and the filters have some tanning
00:43:29 on them.
00:43:30 >> Oh, that's good.
00:43:31 >> Um, which means we actually did get some
00:43:33 dust. We don't know what's in it yet,
00:43:35 >> but there's something in there.
00:43:37 >> But the original plan was for us to
00:43:39 actually do this at the dry lake bed
00:43:41 just outside Boulder City because this
00:43:42 is where people do the majority of their
00:43:44 off-roading. You know, they camp, they
00:43:46 do photo shoots, even take their wedding
00:43:47 photos. Except not on the day that we
00:43:50 were there. Okay, we're out here on the
00:43:53 dry lake bed. supposedly uh in Las Vegas
00:43:56 where on the one day that we're here,
00:43:59 the lake has decided not to be dry in
00:44:01 any sort of definition. Oh god. And so
00:44:04 what we're going to go do is suit up,
00:44:06 get some samples, and figure out how
00:44:08 much is bestest there really is uh in
00:44:11 this stuff.
00:44:24 perfect. We're going to do a third.
00:44:24 Let's go out to that island.
00:44:32 That's it. Okay, got the samples. Next
00:44:32 step, take them to the lab.
00:44:41 >> Great to see you, guys. Guys, again,
00:44:42 >> yeah, good to see you, too. Well, we're
00:44:44 here for one thing, I suppose. Like,
00:44:46 what kind of results did we get?
00:44:48 >> Now, the big reveal. Drum roll, please.
00:44:52 Uh, I did the dune buggy air samples
00:44:54 first. Those samples that you had on
00:44:57 your left and right shoulders. I didn't
00:44:59 find any asbesus fibers.
00:45:01 >> Okay. Well, I guess that's a bit of a
00:45:02 relief. I'm glad we did the
00:45:03 demonstration and I'm kind of glad we
00:45:05 didn't find anything because I'm pretty
00:45:07 sure I took my mask off at a few points.
00:45:09 >> I've been in those shoes like we didn't
00:45:11 find anything. Oh, but wait a minute. I
00:45:14 was breathing that.
00:45:17 >> Exactly.
00:45:18 >> So, what about the samples in the dry
00:45:20 lake bed?
00:45:21 >> Uh,
00:45:23 another drum roll.
00:45:25 >> Okay.
00:45:26 >> I found amphubable asbestous.
00:45:28 >> Wow. Okay.
00:45:30 >> It's there. It is there. I counted up
00:45:33 the number of fibers, the the area of
00:45:35 the filter that I analyzed, and I
00:45:37 figured out that we had between 30 and
00:45:42 50 million asbesus structures per gram
00:45:49 of mud that we were walking through.
00:45:51 >> Wow.
00:45:53 Just to think that we pulled off to the
00:45:55 side of the road, walked what 30 m, took
00:45:58 three samples, and all of them had these
00:46:00 incredibly high concentrations of
00:46:02 asbestos right there. It's not like we
00:46:03 had to go out and find
00:46:05 >> very wet soil was lucky for us because
00:46:10 we know there's asbestous in that soil.
00:46:13 Now, think about the guys that go taking
00:46:15 their jeep across there when it is a dry
00:46:18 lake. I mean, that was our initial plan
00:46:20 to do the dune bugging there. And I
00:46:22 can't I can't like help but think about
00:46:24 people drive down that road all the
00:46:25 time. They must pull over. They must go
00:46:27 down there like just kick dust and
00:46:29 rocks. And
00:46:30 >> we know they do. We know they do.
00:46:32 >> And there's no sign to tell you that
00:46:35 there's anything wrong with the dry
00:46:36 lake.
00:46:39 >> It's not like we, you know, discovered
00:46:41 this. This has been available data since
00:46:44 >> October October of 2013 is the actually
00:46:47 publication date of naturally occurring
00:46:49 asbesus potential for human exposure in
00:46:52 southern Nevada by Brenda Buck at all.
00:46:56 >> So 13 years we've had this data. It's
00:46:58 not like we rediscovered anything.
00:47:00 >> And that's the other thing that's really
00:47:02 hard about this science. You need the
00:47:04 public to be aware but you don't want to
00:47:06 terrify them. And so how do you find the
00:47:08 right way?
00:47:11 This will potentially be seen by tens of
00:47:13 millions of people. So, is there a
00:47:14 message you want to get out?
00:47:16 >> This is a a a natural hazard just like a
00:47:20 lot of things in your life. It's really
00:47:22 good for people to know whether or not
00:47:24 their house is in a flooding zone,
00:47:26 right? It's really good to know about
00:47:27 earthquake risks. It's really good to
00:47:29 know about hurricanes and tornadoes.
00:47:32 Well, this is just another natural
00:47:34 hazard. And if you have the information,
00:47:37 then you can make better decisions to
00:47:39 live a healthier life.
00:47:57 One big problem is that asbestous in the
00:47:57 real world doesn't line up with how it's
00:47:59 regulated. Take this fiber. It comes
00:48:02 from a sample of the same blue asbestous
00:48:04 from the site outside Las Vegas we
00:48:06 visited at the start of the video. I
00:48:08 think we have uh two different phases at
00:48:11 least of amphable here because if it's
00:48:15 yellow in this orientation but also blue
00:48:17 in this orientation and the same fiber
00:48:19 bundle then we have a change in the
00:48:23 phase from here to here.
00:48:26 So this one fiber is actually two
00:48:29 minerals and that complexity shows up in
00:48:31 its structure too. Under the electron
00:48:33 microscope, one side could meet the
00:48:35 definition of asbestous, the other may
00:48:37 not simply because of its shape. So one
00:48:40 single fiber could fall within one of
00:48:42 the six named and regulated asbestous
00:48:45 minerals if you look at one side, but
00:48:47 the other would be completely
00:48:49 unregulated. Your lungs don't care about
00:48:52 these categories though. the asbestous
00:48:55 fiber. You find it everywhere. No
00:48:58 ordinary rock, no single rock indeed,
00:49:01 but a group of related minerals with
00:49:03 characteristics in common, but in
00:49:05 varying degrees.
00:49:06 >> Most experts will say asbesus isn't a
00:49:08 minic or a geological term. It's a
00:49:11 commercial one, but that's symbolics.
00:49:16 Why do I say that? Because it's not just
00:49:19 a commercial term. We now know that
00:49:22 asbesus can kill you. So if we're going
00:49:24 to say that, we have to define it based
00:49:26 on health effect and we don't.
00:49:28 >> So what are we actually doing about it?
00:49:30 The system was so complex, it was so
00:49:32 burdensome that our country hasn't even
00:49:35 been able to uphold a ban on asbestous,
00:49:39 a known carcinogen that kills as many as
00:49:42 10,000 Americans every year.
00:49:44 >> Well, in 2016, Congress did try to fix
00:49:46 this broken system. They passed an
00:49:48 amendment giving the EPA new power to
00:49:50 evaluate and restrict dangerous
00:49:52 chemicals, including asbestous.
00:49:55 >> I think it's time to sign the Frank R.
00:49:57 Ladenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st
00:50:00 Century Act into law. But then progress
00:50:03 stalled again.
00:50:06 Under the Trump administration, efforts
00:50:08 to strengthen asbestous rules slowed
00:50:11 dramatically. Trump had publicly praised
00:50:13 asbestous for years. A lot of people in
00:50:15 my industry think asbestous is the
00:50:16 greatest fireproofing material ever ever
00:50:20 made.
00:50:20 >> It wasn't until 2024 that the US finally
00:50:23 banned chrysile asbestous. But this ban
00:50:26 doesn't cover the other five types of
00:50:28 asbestous and it still allows some
00:50:30 manufacturers up to 12 years to phase it
00:50:32 out. It doesn't address what to do with
00:50:35 asbestous already in schools and homes
00:50:37 and other buildings. nor does it fix any
00:50:39 of the numerous classification,
00:50:41 identification, and detection loopholes.
00:50:44 And it doesn't address the asbestous in
00:50:46 the environment.
00:50:47 On top of that, the EPA is already
00:50:49 getting sued again.
00:50:52 >> There have been tremendous forces from
00:50:56 commercial industries to make it sound
00:50:59 like it's not as bad as it as it is and
00:51:02 to find ways to allow them to continue
00:51:06 to use the material. This is a sad sad
00:51:09 fact of our decision making in our
00:51:13 country and other countries is that it's
00:51:14 driven by money.
00:51:16 >> But at least the United States are going
00:51:17 for some level of moderation. Other
00:51:19 countries are not that lucky. In 2019,
00:51:22 India imported more than 350,000 tons of
00:51:26 asbestous and it's predicted that in the
00:51:28 upcoming decades 6 million people there
00:51:30 might develop asbestous related diseases
00:51:32 and similar things are happening in many
00:51:34 of the other countries in Asia. We've
00:51:36 actually found this website where it
00:51:38 looks like you can just buy asbestous
00:51:40 cloth made in China, but please don't.
00:51:44 And all of the asbestous that we've
00:51:46 already mined even after we stopped
00:51:48 using it, it's still out there.
00:51:50 Asbestous doesn't naturally decay in the
00:51:53 environment. So, should you be worried?
00:51:56 Well, having asbestous in your house
00:51:59 doesn't automatically mean that it's
00:52:00 dangerous. If you have asbestous in your
00:52:02 ceiling and you don't drill into it,
00:52:04 you're probably going to be fine.
00:52:06 Asbestous is an issue if the particles
00:52:08 go airborne.
00:52:10 But who knows which house has asbestous,
00:52:13 where all of that asbestous is, who is
00:52:16 going to take care of it, and how. So, a
00:52:18 lot of the answers to these questions
00:52:19 just don't exist yet. But if you're
00:52:22 worried about asbestous exposure for
00:52:23 yourself, check out the links that we've
00:52:25 put in the description.
00:52:28 I think a big part of the problem is
00:52:30 that people assume asbestous is a solved
00:52:32 issue. And I'll be the first to admit I
00:52:34 fell for that line of thinking. Here's
00:52:36 the ending I wrote for our PAS video.
00:52:38 We've been here before with leaded
00:52:40 gasoline, freon, and asbestous. And each
00:52:43 time we did the research and made the
00:52:45 right decision to phase these chemicals
00:52:47 out. Yeah, I was completely oblivious.
00:52:52 >> We will look back at our history and
00:52:55 what do we do with tobacco? Everybody
00:52:57 was smoking, right? It would be improper
00:52:59 for me to not offer an ashtray even if I
00:53:02 wasn't a smoker back in the day. And all
00:53:05 the scientists working for the big
00:53:07 cigarette companies said why tobacco
00:53:09 never hurt anybody. But because of the
00:53:12 outcry and the recognition that uh that
00:53:16 smoking causes disease, uh everybody
00:53:19 knows someone who died because of
00:53:20 cigarettes. Right
00:53:23 now, you might find out that asbesus
00:53:26 related diseases has touched you in some
00:53:28 way. You don't even know yet.
00:53:30 >> Yeah.
00:53:30 >> I didn't know my grandfather died
00:53:33 because of asbestous. That my father is
00:53:36 dying more likely than not because of
00:53:38 asbestous. Did I know that when I
00:53:40 started looking at asbesus under a
00:53:42 microscope? No. Did I know that when I
00:53:45 changed the brakes on the jeeps that I
00:53:47 ran around in? No. Did I know that when
00:53:49 I ran around through as vessels
00:53:51 containing dust? No. Now I do.
00:53:56 >> Pretty much every scientist and
00:53:57 journalist we spoke to for this video
00:53:59 said the same thing. This is a hard
00:54:01 story to get out there. They've faced
00:54:03 economic pressure, political pressure.
00:54:05 Their research got buried and some
00:54:07 people even received death threats for
00:54:09 reporting on the story. It is an
00:54:11 uncomfortable topic. But I think it's
00:54:14 these uncomfortable topics that matter
00:54:16 the most, that have the potential to do
00:54:17 the most good, yet they are also the
00:54:20 ones that are the most uncomfortable to
00:54:21 watch. So I really appreciate you for
00:54:24 sticking around to the end and facing
00:54:26 the truth, making yourself aware and
00:54:28 becoming part of the solution. So
00:54:30 perhaps now more than ever, thank you