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"Get Rich Quick with Beast, WebSockets, and Networking TS" - A C++ WebSockets Deep Dive

• 0:00:02 Introduction: Vinny Falco, author of the Beast library (HTTP and WebSocket for C++ using Boost.Asio), introduces the talk's focus: leveraging C++, Beast, and the Networking TS to build high-performance, scalable web applications (with a "get rich quick" angle).

• 0:00:33 Boost Libraries: A primer on the Boost libraries, highlighting their permissive license and rigorous review process, emphasizing their role in advancing C++ standards.

• 0:01:46 Motivation: The "get rich quick" theme is tied to a case study of successful browser-based multiplayer games (Agar.io and Slither.io) that achieved significant revenue through simple gameplay and WebSocket technology.

• 0:02:48 Key Technologies: The core technologies are identified: a C++ WebSocket server running in the cloud and a JavaScript WebSocket client running in the browser.

• 0:03:06 Talk Overview: The presentation will cover HTTP, WebSocket, key concepts from the Networking TS, a code walkthrough of a multi-user chat server example, and concluding remarks.

• 0:03:30 HTTP and WebSocket Review: A detailed explanation of HTTP's client-server model, request-response cycle, and proxy support. WebSocket is presented as an improvement over HTTP, offering full-duplex, symmetric communication, and message framing.

• 0:05:47 WebSocket Upgrade: The process of initiating a WebSocket connection (starting with an HTTP "upgrade" request) is explained.

• 0:06:51 Beast Library Role: Beast provides HTTP and WebSocket interfaces, leveraging the Networking TS or Boost.Asio for the underlying connection establishment.

• 0:07:21 Networking TS Basics: Introduction to the Networking TS, an abstraction for networking in the C++ standard library. Key components like io_context, sockets, and the write function are introduced.

• 0:09:09 Const Buffer and Mutable Buffer: Introduction of mutable_buffer and const_buffer, thin wrappers for managing memory to be read or written.

• 0:09:59 Const Buffer Sequence: Explanation that Networking TS operates on sequences of buffers, templated on const_buffer_sequence.

• 0:12:32 Mutable Buffer Sequence: Mutable version of const_buffer_sequence.

• 0:12:57 Buffer Function: net::buffer is a helper that allows easy wrapping of standard library types like strings into const_buffer instances.

• 0:13:51 Dynamic Buffers: The dynamic_buffer concept is crucial for handling data of unknown size. It manages a read area and a write area, with functions like prepare, commit, data, and consume to control data flow.

• 0:16:48 Asynchronous I/O: The difference between synchronous (read_some) and asynchronous (async_read_some) operations is explained. Asynchronous operations return immediately and use a completion handler to signal completion.

• 0:18:04 Completion Handlers: The completion_handler concept is introduced. Valid handlers include lambda expressions, user-defined function objects, and the result of std::bind.

• 0:19:33 Threading and io_context::run: The "basic guarantee" of the Networking TS is explained: completion handlers are only invoked from threads calling io_context::run. Examples of single-threaded and multi-threaded io_context usage are provided.

• 0:22:03 Executors and Strands: Brief mention of executors (controlling how completion handlers are invoked) and strands (ensuring non-concurrent execution of handlers in multi-threaded scenarios).

• 0:23:22 Chat Server Code Walkthrough: A detailed walkthrough of a C++ chat server implementation using Beast and WebSockets. The server is single-threaded for simplicity.

• 0:23:53 Server Components: The server is divided into five major components: main, shared_state, listener, http_session, and websocket_session.

• 0:24:26 Shared State: shared_state holds the document root (for serving static files) and a set of connected websocket_session pointers.

• 0:25:42 Main Function: main parses command-line arguments, creates an io_context and a listener, and calls io_context::run to start the event loop.

• 0:27:01 Listener Class: The listener class is responsible for accepting incoming connections using async_accept. The run method initiates the accept loop, and on_accept handles new connections.

• 0:29:38 HTTP Session Class: The http_session class handles initial HTTP requests. It uses http::async_read to read requests, is_upgrade to check for WebSocket upgrade requests, and handle_request to serve static files.

• 0:34:51 WebSocket Session Class: The websocket_session class handles the WebSocket communication after the upgrade. It uses ws.async_accept for the WebSocket handshake, ws.async_read to receive messages, and a custom queue to manage outgoing messages.

• 0:40:06 Websocket Session Destructor: Removal of the Websocket session is handled in the destructor by calling the leave function.

• 0:40:28 Client Implementation (JavaScript): A demonstration of a simple HTML/JavaScript client for the chat server. The client uses the browser's built-in WebSocket API.

• 0:40:54 HTML Structure: The HTML structure for the client's UI (input fields, buttons, and message display area) is presented.

• 0:43:18 JavaScript Code: The JavaScript code for handling user input, connecting to the server, sending and receiving messages, and updating the UI is shown. The complete client (HTML and JavaScript) is remarkably concise.

• 0:46:33 "Get Rich" Revisited: The talk reiterates the potential for creating successful applications using this technology, drawing parallels to the Agar.io and Slither.io examples. The focus is on the ease of development and deployment with browser-based clients.

• 0:47:52 Learning Resources: Advice is given on learning resources: read the documentation, study examples, write code, ask questions on Stack Overflow and Slack, and seek mentorship.

• 0:49:26 Q & A: The speaker address audience questions.

  • 0:49:47 Shared Pointer Usage and Static Create Method: Question about the repeated use of enable_shared_from_this and a suggestion for a static create method. The speaker acknowledges it as a style choice.
  • 0:51:06 Atomic Operations in Shared Pointers: Discussion about the overhead of atomic operations in shared_ptr in a single-threaded context. The speaker mentions potential optimizations and upcoming work in Boost.
  • 0:52:30 HTTP/2 Support: Question about HTTP/2 support in Beast. The speaker explains the complexity of HTTP/2 and the current lack of strong motivation for its implementation in Beast.
  • 0:53:16 JavaScript vs. C++ WebSocket API Complexity: Discussion about the apparent simplicity of the JavaScript WebSocket API compared to C++. The speaker attributes it to the maturity of networking abstractions in JavaScript and the need for higher-level libraries built on top of the Networking TS in C++.
  • 0:55:37 Pub/Sub in WebSockets: Question about publish-subscribe functionality. The speaker clarifies that it's not part of the WebSocket standard but rather a higher-level abstraction that libraries can provide. Beast does not currently offer it.
  • 0:56:48 Socket Object Movement and Reinitialization: Clarification on the movement of socket objects and their well-defined state after being moved from in the Networking TS.
  • 0:58:10 Copying this Instead of shared_from_this: Question about copying this into lambdas instead of using shared_from_this. The speaker explains that sockets and Beast's WebSocket stream are not copyable.
  • 0:58:57 SSL/TLS Support: Question about SSL/TLS support. The speaker demonstrates that Beast and Networking TS support SSL through stream wrappers (like ssl::stream in Boost.Asio), allowing existing algorithms to work with encrypted connections.