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Abstract:
The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator, a leading nuclear fusion device, has achieved new performance records in its latest experimental campaign. Through international collaboration, W7-X set a world record for the "triple product" – a key fusion parameter – sustained for 43 seconds, surpassing previous tokamak records for long plasma durations. This milestone validates the stellarator concept as a viable path for future fusion power plants, particularly given W7-X's smaller volume compared to record-holding tokamaks. A newly developed, globally unique pellet injector from Oak Ridge National Laboratory was crucial in enabling these long-duration plasmas through continuous refueling. The campaign also saw increased energy turnover (1.8 GJ) and a record plasma pressure ratio, further demonstrating W7-X's advanced capabilities. An update indicates that W7-X now shares the record for sustained triple product levels with the decommissioned JET tokamak.
Wendelstein 7-X: Breaking Fusion Records(Note: As the provided input is a text article rather than a video transcript with timecodes, specific timestamps are not included in this summary.)
Stellarator Excellence: The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) in Greifswald, operated by the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) and EUROfusion, is the world's most powerful stellarator-type nuclear fusion device, designed to demonstrate the concept's potential for future power plants.
New World Record for Triple Product: In its OP 2.3 campaign (concluded May 22, 2025), W7-X achieved a new world record for the "triple product" (plasma density × ion temperature × energy confinement time) sustained for 43 seconds in long plasma discharges.
Surpassing Tokamaks (Long Durations): This achievement positions W7-X ahead of tokamak-type fusion devices (like the decommissioned JT60U and JET) in terms of sustaining high triple product values for longer plasma durations, which is crucial for a future power plant. Tokamaks still hold records for short plasma durations.
Key Enabler: Pellet Injector: The new record was made possible by a sophisticated and globally unique pellet injector from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This system injects precise amounts of frozen hydrogen pellets (approx. 1mm) at high speeds (300-800 m/s), enabling continuous refueling and long plasma durations.
Pellet Injection Precision: During the record experiment, approximately 90 pellets were injected over 43 seconds, with precise coordination between pellet injection and microwave heating, utilizing variable pre-programmed pulse rates for the first time.
Extensive International Collaboration: The success is a result of significant international collaboration, including contributions from ORNL, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (USA), CIEMAT (Spain), HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research (Hungary), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), and the University of Stuttgart (Germany), alongside IPP's own diagnostic tools.
Plasma Conditions: The record-breaking experiment raised the plasma temperature to over 20 million degrees Celsius, peaking at 30 million degrees.
Additional Campaign Highlights:
Increased Energy Turnover: W7-X achieved 1.8 gigajoules (GJ) of energy turnover over a 360-second plasma duration, surpassing its previous record of 1.3 GJ and slightly exceeding the record for the 1000-second discharge in China's EAST tokamak.
Plasma Pressure Ratio: For the first time, the plasma pressure relative to magnetic pressure reached 3% across the full plasma volume, accompanied by peak ion temperatures of around 40 million degrees Celsius. (A ratio of 4-5% is needed for a fusion power plant).
UPDATE: Joint Leadership with JET: An update (June 30, 2025) clarified that previously unpublished results from the decommissioned JET tokamak show comparable triple product records for longer durations (up to 60 seconds). Therefore, W7-X and JET are now joint leaders in sustaining high triple product levels for extended periods. W7-X's achievement is particularly notable given that JET had three times its plasma volume.
Significance for Fusion: These records collectively represent a significant step in validating the stellarator concept and demonstrate the potential for producing more fusion power than the heating power invested, moving closer to a self-sustaining fusion reaction.